狼尾草属中一年生美洲狼尾草、多年生象草及杂交狼尾草（美洲狼尾草与象草

杂交种）和高抗寒狼尾草为目前大面积应用的主要类型，其中，多年生象草和杂交

狼尾草为极高产禾本科优质牧草，但在长江以北难自然越冬，只能作为一年生利用；

野生狼尾草种质可在长江以北以多年生方式自然生长，部分种质可耐-20℃极寒气候，

是当前高大型狼尾草最具价值的抗寒遗传亲本。精准筛选、鉴定狼尾草属种质抗寒

性，找出与其关联的关键性状，对狼尾草属抗寒育种至关重要。

本文以野生狼尾草‘陵山’、杂交狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’、美洲狼尾草‘23B’三

种种质为材料，开发了快速、精准的抗寒鉴定体系，并剖析根系构型的发育动态规

律；通过二者相关性分析，找出决定狼尾草属抗寒性的关键根系特征。

其主要结论如下：

1. 在搭建狼尾草抗寒性鉴定体系中，分别对光周期、土壤含水量、前置处理方

式、冷冻温度和时长五个因素进行比较，最终探索出以配方土为土壤介质、育苗穴

盘为培养媒介、控温控湿长日照生长室为培养环境、4℃为前置和后置条件、-15℃

冷冻 0、40、80、120、160、200min 为冷冻梯度、植株再生株高和根系电导率为核

心性状、Sigmoid 三参数为数学模型、拟合曲线的特征参数 Fr50 为抗寒性参数的完

整抗寒性鉴定体系。

2. 分别对冷冻后 6 个植株再生性状 Fr50 参数进行比较，仅根系电导率计算出的

Fr50 与再生株高 Fr50 间无显著差异。因此，二者是抗寒鉴定体系中的核心参数。对

再生株高和根系电导率性状进行比较发现，野生狼尾草‘陵山’抗寒性最高，杂交

狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’次之，美洲狼尾草‘23B’抗寒性最弱。

3. 对狼尾草五叶到十四叶共计 10 个叶龄进行动态分析，抗寒性参数 Fr50 均未

随着叶龄增加而呈逐渐增加趋势，而在九叶至十叶期出现峰值后呈现节律波动。其

中野生狼尾草‘陵山’在九叶期出现抗寒性高峰，而杂交狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’在十

叶期出现峰值，美洲狼尾草‘23B’在十三叶期出现峰值。

4. 比较三种狼尾草 7 个根系构型性状间差异，野生狼尾草‘陵山’总根长、侧

根长、根尖数和根深均最高，杂交狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’次之，美洲狼尾草‘23B’最

低。比较 7 个根系性状在多叶龄间的动态趋势，总根长、侧根长、不定根长、根尖

数、不定根数量、不定根直径均随叶龄增加呈上升趋势，且野生狼尾草‘陵山’在

十一叶后增加幅度显著高于其他两种种质。唯有不定根深未随叶龄增加而显著增加，

却呈现有节律的波动趋势，且三种狼尾草种质波动节律不同。

5. 进一步比较三种狼尾草 6 个地上部性状在多叶龄间的动态趋势。杂交狼尾草

‘苏牧 4 号’和野生狼尾草‘陵山’的生长速度趋于相同，均显著快于美洲狼尾草

‘23B’。杂交狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’的株高和茎干重显著高于其他两种，但叶干重三

种狼尾草间无显著区别。杂交狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’和野生狼尾草‘陵山’的茎叶比

均在十一叶至十二叶期到达峰值，茎干重占比高；美洲狼尾草‘23B’整个生育期茎

叶比均较低，品质显著好于杂交狼尾草‘苏牧 4 号’和狼尾草‘陵山’。

6. 将以上 7 种根系构型性状和 6 种地上部性状进行 Spearman 相关性分析，不定

根长、不定根直径、不定根数量与地上部除茎叶比以外的所有性状呈极显著正相关

（p < 0.000001），相关性系数 r 均高于 0.75，表明根系构型中不定根系特征是决定

狼尾草地上部生长的主要因素。

7. 以 PH-Fr50 和 EC-Fr50 两个核心抗寒性参数与根系构型、地上部性状的 13 个

性状进行 Spearman 相关性分析，仅在不定根深与 PH-Fr50、不定根直径与 EC-Fr50

两组间发现显著正相关。且不定根深与 PH-Fr（20-90）的显著性 p 值和相关性 r 系

数分别呈逐渐下降和上升趋势，而不定根直径与 EC-Fr（20-90）的显著性 p 值和相

关性 r 系数分别呈逐渐上升和下降趋势。

8. 以上相关性结果说明，在长时间冷冻下，狼尾草属不定根系越深其冷冻后再

生能力越强，抗寒性越强；在短时间冷冻条件，不定根直径越粗，其冷冻后根系活

性越高。因此，短时间冷冻后狼尾草属再生能力依赖不定根直径，长时间冷冻后狼

尾草属再生能力依赖不定根深。不定根深度和直径是决定狼尾草抗寒性的关键根系

特征。

以上结果为我国狼尾草高抗寒育种提供了有力支撑。

Pennisetum is one of the highest yielding forages, but it has poor cold tolerance to

north of the Yangtze River. Wild Pennisetum Alopecuroides germplasm can survive at

north of China as perennials, and some genotype can bare extreme temperature of -20°C,

making them the most valuable genetic material for Pennisetum breeding. Therefore,

accurate screening on the cold tolerance of Pennisetum germplasm and exploiting its

associated traits are crucial for Pennisetum breeding in cold-tolerance improvement.

This study used Pennisetum Alopecuroides, Pennisetum Hybrid (♂purpureum ×

♀glaucum), and pearl millet (23B) as materials, screened the cold tolerance by a fast and

accurate phenotyping system, and analyzed the dynamic development of root system, the

key root traits determining the cold tolerance of Pennisetum were identified by correlation

analysis.

The main conclusions are as follows:

1. Five factors including photoperiod , soil moisture content, pre-treatments, freezing

temperature and duration was conducted for final platform. It was explored that formula

soil as soil medium, seedling trays as the cultivation medium, long-day growth chamber as

the incubation environment, 4°C as the pre- and post-condition, -15°C for the freezing

gradient at 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 minutes as the cold treatments, plant height and

root conductivity of plant regeneration as the core traits, the three-parameter Sigmoid

function as mathematical model, and the Fr50 of simulated curve as the cold parameter, to

comprehended the final platform.

2. A comparison of the six Fr50 parameters found out, only the Fr50 calculated from

root conductivity showed no significance with Fr50 in plant height, hence, designed as core

parameters of cold tolerance. Comparisons of two core traits revealed that Pennisetum

Alopecuroides had the highest cold tolerance, followed by Pennisetum Hybrid, and the

weakest highest cold tolerance in Pearl Millet (23B).

3. Ten time point dynamics from 5- to 14-leaf of Pennisetum was carried out. The

parameter Fr50 did not gradually increase with leaf age, but showed rhythmic fluctuations

after peaking at the 9- to 10-leaf stage. Pennisetum Alopecuroides quickly reached a peak

of cold tolerance at the 9-leaf stage, while Pennisetum Hybrid peaked at the 10-leaf stage,

and Pearl Millet peaked at the 13-leaf stage.

4. Seven root traits of Pennisetum were compared. The total root length, lateral root

length, root tips, and root depth of Pennisetum Alopecuroides were the highest, followed by

Pennisetum Hybrid, and the lowest in Pearl Millet (23B). The dynamic of the 7 root traits

during the growth stages all showed an upward trend with increasing leaf age, and

Pennisetum Alopecuroides showed a significantly higher increase after the 11-leaf, except

for the root depth, which did not significantly increase with leaf age, but instead showed

rhythmic fluctuations, with different rhythms among the three types of Pennisetum.

5. Further comparison of the dynamics of six above-ground traits during the growth

stages. The growth rate of Pennisetum Hybrid and Pennisetum Alopecuroides tended to be

the same, both significantly faster than pearl millet (23B). The plant height and stem

biomass of Pennisetum Hybrid were significantly higher than the other two types, but there

was no significant difference in leaf biomass among the three types of Pennisetum. The

stem-to-leaf ratio of Pennisetum Hybrid and Pennisetum Alopecuroides reached a peak

from the 11- to 12-leaf stage, with a high proportion of stem biomass; the stem-to-leaf ratio

throughout the growth period of Pearl Millet (23B) was lower, with quality significantly

better than Pennisetum Hybrid and Pennisetum Alopecuroides.

6. Spearman correlation analysis of the 7 root traits and six aboveground traits showed

that the length, diameter, and number of adventitious roots were highly positively

correlated with all traits except the stem-to-leaf ratio （p < 0.000001）, and the correlation

coefficient r was greater than 0.75, indicating that the adventitious roots in the root system

were the main factors determining the above ground growth of Pennisetum.

7. Spearman correlation analysis of the two core cold parameters, PH-Fr50 and EC-

Fr50, with 13 traits of root and above-ground traits revealed significant positive

correlations only between the root depth and PH-Fr50, and between the adventitious root

diameter and EC-Fr50. The significance p value and coefficient r of the root depth and PH-

Fr（20-90） showed a gradually decreasing and increasing trend, respectively, while the

significance p value and the coefficient r of the adventitious root diameter and EC-Fr（20-

90） showed a gradually increasing and decreasing trend.

8. The above correlation results indicate that under long-term freezing conditions, the

deeper the adventitious root system of Pennisetum, the stronger its regenerative ability and

cold tolerance; under short-term freezing conditions, the thicker the adventitious roots, the

higher their root activity after freezing. Therefore, the regenerative ability of Pennisetum

after short-term freezing depends on the diameter of the adventitious roots, while the

regenerative ability after long-term freezing depends on the depth of the adventitious roots.

The depth and diameter of the adventitious roots are key root characteristics determining

the cold tolerance of Pennisetum.

These results provide strong support for the breeding of high-cold-tolerance

Pennisetum in China.

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