近年来，随着水体富营养化问题的日益严重，蓝藻水华的频繁暴发已成为水质恶化、水生生物多样性降低及群落结构破坏的重要原因。蓝藻所释放的藻毒素通过生物富集作用潜入人体，对人类健康构成严重威胁。传统的除藻技术，包括物理、化学方法，普遍存在处理周期长、效率不高及潜在环境风险等问题。化感物质作为天然产物具有环境友好的特点，其中萜类化合物种类广泛，且具有丰富的生物活性和抑藻潜力。然而目前研究大多集中于萜类化合物的抑菌与抗氧化能力，对其抑藻能力研究较少，且尚不清楚其对水生态系统的影响。因此，本研究选取薄荷醇、龙脑、香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬醛和穿心莲内酯六种萜类化合物，以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象，旨在探究其抑藻活性，并通过定量构效关系分析（QSAR）揭示活性与化合物结构之间的关联。此外，本研究还针对香叶醇和柠檬醛两种优选萜类化合物，深入探讨了它们的抑藻机理及应用条件，并对它们的生态安全性进行了全面评估。研究结果不仅为萜类化合物在蓝藻水华治理中的应用提供了理论基础，也为治理蓝藻水华问题提供了新的思路，有助于推动水华藻类防治技术的发展。主要结果如下：

（1）6种萜类化合物的抑藻活性从高到低依次为香叶醇（XY）>柠檬醛（NM）>薄荷醇（BH）>龙脑（LN）>芳樟醇（FZ）>穿心莲内酯（CXL），香叶醇与柠檬醛抑藻效果最好，最大抑藻率分别可以达到86.3%、77.5%。采用QSAR分析揭示了单萜化合物的抑藻活性位点，当高活性基团连接在5'号碳时抑藻效果更显著；同时揭示了单萜化合物抑藻活性结构关系，结果表明抑藻活性（5d-AIR）与化合物脂水分配系数（LogP）和偶极矩（Dipole）呈显著正相关关系。

（2）铜绿微囊藻在60mg/L香叶醇与柠檬醛下的EC₅₀分别为35.8 mg/L、45.8 mg/L，抑藻效应持续时间为7天，最佳使用浓度范围分别为35.8-60 mg/L、45.8-60 mg/L，投加周期为7天。昼夜节律及环境因素对抑藻效应影响实验结果表明：在正午或者午夜使用香叶醇，在藻初始密度10⁶个/ml、温度16 ℃、光强5800 lx条件下可以获得最高的抑藻率96%；柠檬醛在藻初始密度8*10⁵个/ml，温度20 ℃，光强3200 lx条件下可以获得最高抑藻率98%。

（3）在香叶醇与柠檬醛的作用下，铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a与类胡萝卜素含量降低，抑制率高达90%以上，削弱了铜绿微囊藻的光合活性；香叶醇与柠檬醛吸附在藻细胞表面，导致细胞膜脂质过氧化，丙二醛（MDA）含量不断上升，最大值为正常藻细胞的2倍左右， 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）抗氧化酶活性遭到抑制，最小值分别仅为对照组的32.3%、57.8%与23.9%、48.5%，进而造成藻细胞内活性氧堆积，攻击细胞器致使藻细胞死亡。此外，香叶醇与柠檬醛使藻细胞成分发生变化，含氧官能团含量降低，含氮官能团强度提高，推测是由于藻细胞光合系统损伤与抗氧化防御及光合作用相关基因表达量增加导致。

（4）探究富萜植物共培养抑藻与缓释微球抑藻两种应用方式，结果表明富含柠檬醛的柠檬香蜂草与富含香叶醇的香茅草在与铜绿微囊藻共培养均对会其产生显著抑制作用，抑制率高达95% 以上。其中柠檬香蜂草抑藻效果由营养竞争与化感作用共同导致。香茅草抑藻原因主要为化感作用。因此，香茅草更适合作为生态浮床抑藻植物。香叶醇缓释微球与柠檬醛缓释微球在低浓度下也可对铜绿微囊藻产生显著抑制作用，并且在同一浓度水平下相较于直接投加方式，缓释微球可以提升12%和18%的抑藻效果。综合考虑抑制效果和成本效益，植物共培养方式是最优的应用策略。

（5）对香叶醇与柠檬醛的生态安全性进行了评估，结果表明，60mg/L香叶醇与柠檬醛对蛋白核小球藻的EC₅₀值分别为10.1 mg/L、14.7 mg/L，对衣藻半致死浓度（EC₅₀）分别为69.1 mg/L、68.8 mg/L，对萼花臂尾轮虫EC₅₀值分别为64.3 mg/L与68.5 mg/L。表明香叶醇与柠檬醛也具有应用于抑制绿藻水华与轮虫泛滥的潜力。香叶醇与柠檬醛对大型水草伊乐藻与轮叶黑藻的株高、根长、生物量、叶绿素以及可溶性蛋白质含量均没有显著影响，对大型水生动物中华绒鳌蟹与斑马鱼的体长体重及抗氧化酶活没有抑制作用。此外，香叶醇与柠檬醛不具备“低促高抑”的Hormesis效应。综合来看，排除对蛋白核小球藻的影响，抑藻剂浓度在64.3 mg/L时香叶醇与柠檬醛是具有良好的水生态安全性。

综上所述，香叶醇与柠檬醛作为天然萜类化合物，在蓝藻水华治理中具有显著的抑藻效果和良好的生态安全性，为水华藻类防治提供了新的策略。

In recent years, with the increasing severity of eutrophication in water bodies, the frequent outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms have become a significant cause of water quality deterioration, reduction in aquatic biodiversity, and destruction of community structure. Cyanobacteria release toxins that can infiltrate the human body through bioaccumulation, posing a serious threat to human health. Traditional algae removal technologies, including physical and chemical methods, generally have problems such as long processing cycles, low efficiency, and potential environmental risks. Allelochemicals, as natural products, are environmentally friendly, and terpenoids, in particular, have a wide variety and rich biological activity, as well as potential for algae inhibition. However, current research has mostly focused on the antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities of terpenoids, with less study on their algae inhibition abilities, and their impact on aquatic ecosystems is not well understood. Therefore, this study selected six terpenoid compounds—menthol, borneol, geraniol, linalool, citral, and andrographolide—as research subjects, with Microcystis aeruginosa as the research object, aiming to explore their algae inhibition activity and reveal the correlation between activity and compound structure through quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis (QSAR). In addition, this study also deeply explored the algae inhibition mechanism and application conditions of two selected terpenoids, geraniol and citral, and conducted a comprehensive assessment of their ecological safety. The results not only provide a theoretical basis for the application of terpenoids in the management of cyanobacterial blooms but also offer new ideas for the management of cyanobacterial bloom problems, helping to promote the development of bloom-algae prevention and control technology. The main results are as follows:

(1) The algae inhibition activity of the six terpenoid compounds ranked from high to low is as follows: geraniol (XY) > citral (NM) > menthol (BH) > borneol (LN) > linalool (FZ) > andrographolide (CXL), with geraniol and citral showing the best inhibition effects, reaching maximum inhibition rates of 86.3% and 77.5%, respectively. QSAR analysis revealed the active sites for monoterpene compounds' algae inhibition, indicating that the inhibition effect is more pronounced when high activity groups are connected to the 5' carbon; it also revealed the structural relationship of the algae inhibition activity of monoterpenoids, showing a significant positive correlation between algae inhibition activity (5d-AIR) and the compound's lipophilicity (LogP) and dipole moment.

(2) Under 60mg/L of geraniol and citral, the EC₅₀ values for Microcystis aeruginosa were 35.8 mg/L and 45.8 mg/L, respectively, with the algae inhibition effect lasting for 7 days. The optimal concentration range for use is 35.8-60 mg/L for both, with an application cycle of 7 days. Experiments on the influence of diurnal rhythm and environmental factors on the algae inhibition effect showed that using geraniol at noon or midnight, with an initial algae density of 10⁶ cells/ml, a temperature of 16°C, and a light intensity of 5800 lx, can achieve the highest algae inhibition rate of 96%; citral can achieve the highest inhibition rate of 98% under an initial algae density of 8*10⁵ cells/ml, a temperature of 20°C, and a light intensity of 3200 lx.

(3) Under the action of geraniol and citral, the content of chlorophyll a and carotenoids in Microcystis aeruginosa decreased, with an inhibition rate of over 90%, weakening the photosynthetic activity of the algae; geraniol and citral were adsorbed on the surface of the algae cells, leading to lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane, a continuous increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reaching about twice that of normal algae cells, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzymes were inhibited, with minimum values being only 32.3%, 57.8%, and 23.9%, 48.5% of the control group, respectively, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the algae cells, attacking the cell organelles and causing cell death. In addition, geraniol and citral caused changes in the composition of the algae cells, with a decrease in the content of oxygen-containing functional groups and an increase in the intensity of nitrogen-containing functional groups, which is speculated to be due to damage to the photosynthetic system and an increase in the expression of antioxidant defense and photosynthesis-related genes.

(4) Two application methods, co-cultivation with terpene-rich plants and the use of slow-release microspheres, were explored for their algal inhibition potential. Melissa officinalis, rich in citral, and Cymbopogon citratus, rich in geraniol, were found to significantly inhibit M. aeruginosa in co-culture, with inhibition rates exceeding 95%. The algae inhibition effect of Melissa officinalis was caused by both nutrient competition and allelopathic action. The algae inhibition by Cymbopogon citratus was mainly due to allelopathic action. Therefore, Cymbopogon citratus is more suitable as an algae-inhibiting plant for ecological floating beds. Geraniol sustained-release microspheres and citral sustained-release microspheres can also significantly inhibit Microcystis aeruginosa at low concentrations, and compared with the direct addition method at the same concentration level, the sustained-release microspheres can enhance the algae inhibition effect by 12% and 18%, respectively. Considering both the inhibition effect and cost-effectiveness, the plant co-cultivation method is the optimal application strategy.

(5) The ecological safety of geraniol and citral was evaluated, with EC₅₀ values for Chlorella proteinosa being 10.1 mg/L and 14.73 mg/L, and for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii being 69.07 mg/L and 68.8 mg/L, respectively. For Brachionus calyciflorus, the semi-lethal concentration (EC₅₀) were 64.26 mg/L and 68.53 mg/L. The study indicated that geraniol and citral possess potential for controlling algal blooms and rotifer infestations. No significant effects were observed on the growth, physiological, or biochemical parameters of the large aquatic plants Elodea nuttallii and Hydrilla verticillata, nor on the body length and weight of the large aquatic animals Chinese mitten-handed Eriocheir sinensis and Danio rerio. In conclusion, geranyl and citral have good water ecological safety when the concentration of algal suppressor is 64.3 mg/L, excluding the influence on Chlorella proteinosa.

In conclusion, geraniol and citral, as natural terpenoid compounds, have significant algae inhibition effects and good ecological safety in the management of cyanobacterial blooms, providing a new strategy for the prevention and control of bloom-forming algae.

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