增施有机物料是提高资源利用率并协同作物产量提升、生态环境保护和可持续发展的有效措施。生物质炭作为生物质热解产生的富碳、碱性和多孔隙的高效有机物料，其性质与红壤地区的贫碳、酸化和粘重的不利因素形成互补，因此生物质炭在红壤耕地的生物多样性恢复和土壤健康提升方面潜力巨大。土壤线虫群落分析不仅反映农业管理的影响，更能提供土壤生态功能的信息。鉴于此，本研究基于南方红壤地区的红薯（Ipomoea batatas L）和油菜（Brassica napus L）轮作体系，结合田间定位试验和微区试验，探究生物质炭在化肥配施及生物质炭性质等不同条件下对土壤线虫群落特征的影响，在深化对生物质炭影响红壤生物群落机制认识的同时，为充分利用生物质炭实现土壤可持续利用奠定理论基础。

通过生物质炭与不施有机物料和施用秸秆（低碳氮比和较高养分）的对比，探究生物质炭与养分水平对旱地红壤线虫群落的交互影响。采用2×3全因子交互式设计，包括化肥（2水平：全量化肥NPK和减量化肥60%NPK）和有机物料（3水平：不施有机物料、秸秆、生物质炭）。主要研究结果如下：

1. 无论化肥减施与否，与单施化肥相比，施用生物质炭可以有效提高土壤pH并改善土壤结构，且在化肥减施时效果更显著。同时生物质炭与化肥减量配施能够促进根系生长，红薯季和油菜季的根系生物量与单施化肥相比，分别增加了42%和88%。但生物质炭与化肥减量配施降低了土壤矿质氮含量，特别在红薯季显著降低了14%的矿质氮含量，造成了土壤养分限制。
2. 与单施化肥相比，生物质炭与化肥减量配施显著增加了线虫总数，在红薯季和油菜季分别增加了58%和27%的线虫数量，主要是显著增加了植食性线虫的数量；且无论化肥减施与否，与单施化肥相比，施加生物质炭显著增加了食细菌线虫数量，同时也显著增加了线虫成熟度指数、丰富度指数及反映生物质炭施加后土壤线虫群落组成与土壤健康关系的瓦斯乐斯卡指数。

在上述有关生物质炭与外源养分交互影响的田间研究基础上，为进一步探究生物质炭自身性质介导的养分限制对土壤线虫群落的影响，筛选7种不同原材料烧制的生物质炭（玉米芯生物质炭、甘蔗渣生物质炭、玉米秸秆生物质炭、稻壳生物质炭、椰壳生物质炭、水稻秸秆生物质炭、油茶壳生物质炭），碳氮比从低到高分别为: 24.8、39.8、47.1、52.2、70.9、120.2和188.3，在田间原位条件下开展了不同种类生物质炭在全量化肥施用下对旱地红壤线虫群落特征影响的微区试验。主要研究结果如下：

1. 在油菜季，与单施化肥相比，施用不同种类的生物质炭均显著提高了油菜籽生物量、根系生物量和茎叶生物量，但降低了油菜的根冠比。无论种植季节如何，施用生物质炭均显著提高了土壤pH，随着生物质炭碳氮比增加，植物根冠比、土壤pH、矿质氮含量、土壤微生物总量、细菌总量呈现先增加后降低趋势，在中等碳氮比生物质炭（C/N比50-80）处理下达到峰值。
2. 与单施化肥相比，低碳氮比（C/N比20-50）和高碳氮比（C/N比80以上）生物质炭处理下的土壤线虫总数和植食性线虫数量降低，而中等碳氮比（C/N比50-80）生物质炭处理显著增加了线虫总数和植食性线虫数量。与单施化肥相比，施用生物质炭显著增加食细菌线虫数量，随着生物质炭碳氮比增加，食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫数量呈现先增加后降低趋势，在中等碳氮比生物质炭处理下达到峰值。
3. 与单施化肥相比，施用生物质炭显著增加了线虫成熟度指数、丰富度指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数。线虫通路比值随着生物质炭碳氮比增加呈增加趋势。

综上，生物质炭是旱地红壤性质的有效改良剂，可以促进土壤环境、植物生长和土壤微生物群落的发展。生物质炭对土壤线虫群落特征的影响因生物质炭种类的不同而呈现出差异，主要表现在植食性线虫上，较低和较高碳氮比生物质炭会抑制植食性线虫，中等碳氮比生物质炭促进植食性线虫发展。因此，结合生物质炭施用和化肥减量的措施应全面考虑土壤养分缺乏及相关的根系害虫对作物生长的不利影响。

Increasing the application of organic materials is an effective measure to improve resource utilization, synergistically increase crop yield, protect ecological environment and promote sustainable development. Biochar, as a carbon-rich, alkaline and porous high-efficiency organic material produced by biomass pyrolysis, is complementary to the unfavorable factors of carbon deficiency, acidification and viscosity in red soil regions. Therefore, biochar has enormous potential in restoring biodiversity and enhancing soil health in red soil cultivation. Soil nematode community analysis not only reflects the impact of agricultural management, but also provides information on soil ecological functions. In view of this, this study used nematode community analysis as a tool, based on the rotation system of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L) in the red soil region of Southern China. Combined with field experiments and microplot trials, this study explored the effects of biochar on soil nematode community characteristics under different conditions such as chemical fertilizer application and biochar properties. By deepening the understanding of the mechanism of biochar affecting the red soil biological community, it aims to lay a theoretical foundation for making full use of biochar to realize sustainable utilization of soil agriculture.

The interaction effects of biochar and nutrient levels on nematode communities in upland red soil were investigated by comparing biochar with no organic materials and straw (low carbon nitrogen ratio, high nutrient). A 2×3 full-factor interactive design was used, including chemical fertilizer (2 levels, full chemical fertilizer NPK and chemical fertilizer reduction 60% NPK) and organic materials (3 levels, no organic materials, straw, biochar). The main results are as follows:

1. Whether chemical fertilizer is reduced or not, compared with single chemical fertilizer, the application of biochar effectively increased soil pH and improved soil structure, and the effect was more significant under chemical fertilizer reduction. At the same time, the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer reduction promoted root growth. The root biomass of sweet potato and rapeseed increased by 42% and 88%, respectively. However, it led to a decrease in soil mineral nitrogen content, especially during the sweet potato season, where there was a significant reduction of 14% in mineral nitrogen content, which resulted in nutrient limitations in the soil.
2. Compared with single chemical fertilizer, the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer reduction significantly increased the abundance of soil nematodes by 58% and 27% in sweet potato season and rape season, respectively, and significantly increased the abundance of herbivores by 57% and 26%, respectively. Regardless of whether the chemical fertilizer was reduced or not, compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer, the application of biochar significantly increased the abundance of bacterivores, and significantly increased the nematode maturity index, Margalef richness index and Wasilewska index which reflects the relationship between soil nematode community composition and soil health after biochar application.

Based on the field experiments on the interaction between biochar and exogenous nutrients, further investigations were conducted to explore the influence of nutrient limitations mediated by the inherent properties of biochar on soil nematode communities.. Seven different types of biochar, derived from various raw materials including corn cob, sugarcane bagasse, corn straw, rice husk, coconut shell, rice straw, and camellia shell, were selected. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios of these biochars ranged from low to high were 24.8, 39.8, 47.1, 52.2, 70.9, 120.2 and 188.3, respectively. Field microplot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of these different types of biochar, combined with the application of a complete fertilizer, on the characteristics of nematode communities in upland red soil. The main results are as follows:

1. In the rape season, compared to single fertilizer application, the application of different types of biochar significantly increased the biomass of rapeseed, root biomass and shoot biomass, but reduced the root shoot ratio of plants. Regardless of the seasonal variation of planting, the application of biochar significantly increased soil pH. With the gradual increase of C: N of biochar, plant root-shoot ratio, soil pH, mineral nitrogen content, total soil microorganisms and total bacteria showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, reaching a peak under moderate C: N (C/N ratio 50-80) biochar treatment.

2. Compared to single fertilizer application, the total number of nematodes and herbivores decreased under the treatment of biochar with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C/N ratio of 20-50) and high carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C/N ratio above 80). However, the treatment with biochar of moderate carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C/N ratio 50-80) significantly increased both the total number of nematodes and herbivores. In comparison to single fertilizer application, the application of biochar significantly increased the abundance of bacterivores. With the gradual increase of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of biochar, the abundance of bacterivores and fungivores showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, reaching a peak under the treatment of biochar with moderate carbon-to-nitrogen ratios.

3. Compared to single fertilizer application, the application of biochar significantly increased the nematode maturity index, Margalef richness index and Wasilewska index. The application of biochar significantly increased the nematode channel ratio as the carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of biochar gradually increased.

In summary, biochar is an effective amendment to the properties of upland red soil, which can promote soil environment, plant growth and the development of soil microbial community. The effects of biochar on the characteristics of soil nematode community showed great differences due to the different types of biochar, mainly on herbivores. Lower and higher C/N ratios of biochar inhibited herbivores nematode, and medium C/N ratios of biochar promoted the development of herbivores nematode. Therefore, the combination of biochar application and fertilizer reduction should fully consider the adverse effects of soil nutrient deficiency and related root pests on crop growth.

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