褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens与白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera是我国水稻产区重要的迁飞性害虫，其长翅型成虫的远距离迁飞是其扩散危害的关键原因。种群适合度是衡量昆虫对环境的适应能力与危害大小的核心指标。已有研究表明，昆虫体内的微生物与种群的适合度存在密切联系，特定微生物的存在可提高种群的适合度。昆虫体内微生物的组成与其取食的环境条件有关。作为迁飞性的稻飞虱，不同虫源地种群很可能会携带不同的微生物群落，引起不同年份和时段的迁入虫源适合度的差异，从而导致稻飞虱种群数量或发生程度在时空上的显著不同。基于此假设，本文在江苏句容采用高空灯定点监测高空迁飞种群的发生动态，利用地面灯在不同时段诱集稻飞虱进行适合度测定，采用微生物测序分析不同迁入时段稻飞虱体内细菌群落的组成与多样性及其与种群适合度的关系等。研究得到以下结果：

1. 江苏句容不同时段高空灯诱稻飞虱的数量、种群性比存在差异

在2022-2024年利用高空灯诱方法在江苏句容进行了稻飞虱灯诱虫量的连续监测。结果表明，白背飞虱年际间虫量波动较大，主要发生期稳定。2023年虫量最高，白背飞虱每年有3-4个高峰期，主要发生期在7-8月（占总诱虫量94%）。

褐飞虱年际间主要发生期存在波动，2023年虫量最高，褐飞虱每年有1-4个高峰期，2022、2024年主要发生期在9-10月（占总量74%）。但2023年主发生期为7-8月（占总量79%）。

白背飞虱、褐飞虱年际间、月际间灯诱种群性别组成存在显著差异，种群组成呈现雌虫数量更高的特征，2022年各月份间雌性比无显著差异；2023年9月、2024年8月雌虫占比显著低于同年其他月份。褐飞虱种群组成呈现雄虫数量更高的特征，2024年褐飞虱雌性比显著高于2022、2023年，但每年各月际间雌性比均无显著差异。

以小时为单位，对每晚高空灯诱虫量的时间分布进行分析表明：2022年白背飞虱和褐飞虱、2023年8月、9月白背飞虱均表现出明显“晨峰型”：5:00-6:00时段所诱虫量显著高于其他各个时间段。2024年白背飞虱和褐飞虱在各时段的诱虫量差异不显著。

2. 江苏句容不同时期灯诱稻飞虱种群的适合度存在差异

研究结果表明，2023年7月18日灯诱的白背飞虱种群的繁殖力、寿命、存活率均显著低于8月15日、8月23日的；2024年7月6-7日白背飞虱繁殖力、寿命、存活率均显著低于7月14日、9月12日的。2023年8月15和23日诱集的白背飞虱F1代雌性比率显著高于同年7月18日的；2024年7月20日至8月20日诱集成虫所产后代的雌性比率最高，显著高于7月6日至16日和8月2至9月12日的。

2023年7月30日灯诱褐飞虱的存活率、寿命显著低于同年9月12日；2024年9月24日灯诱褐飞虱的存活率、寿命显著低于同年9月25日的。不同时期灯诱褐飞虱的繁殖力、F1代长翅率、性比均无显著差异。

3. 不同时段高空灯诱稻飞虱体内细菌群落多样性及其与适合度的关系

采用16S rRNA 基因测序方法对2022-2024年不同时段的高空灯诱白背飞虱和褐飞虱体内细菌组成和丰度进行了测定和比较，结果表明，白背飞虱体内优势菌门为假单胞菌门Pseudomonadota（平均相对丰度88.1%），占比最高的两个属为沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia和Cardinium属（平均相对丰度90.8%）。褐飞虱体内优势菌门为变形菌门Proteobacteria（相对丰度92.9%），占比最高两个属为杀雄菌属Arsenophonus（相对丰度54.4%）、沃尔巴克氏体属Wolbachia（相对丰度35.1%）。

2023.7.5-6时期的白背飞虱体内细菌多样性、假单胞菌门Pseudomonadota相对丰度、Cardinium属相对丰度均显著低于其他时期。非度量多维尺度分析（NMDS）表明，2023.7.5-6时期的白背飞虱体内细菌群落结构相似性与其他时期显著分离。不同时期褐飞虱体内细菌丰度无显著差异，非度量多维尺度分析（NMDS）表明，不同时期褐飞虱体内细菌群落结构相似性未显著分离。

不同时期白背飞虱灯诱种群F1代长翅率与体内细菌群落（OTUs）的香农指数呈显著负相关；白背飞虱寿命与其体内Cardinium属相对丰度显著正相关；F1代长翅率与Cardinium属相对丰度显著负相关。

总之，近三年江苏句容不同时期稻飞虱灯诱种群存在数量、性别组成、时间分布、适合度、体内细菌等多方面的差异，并且细菌群落丰度与种群适合度存在一定关联性，研究结果可为建立基于迁入数量、适合度和细菌组成的稻飞虱种群监测预警方法提供参考。

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera are important migratory pests in China's rice-growing areas. The long-distance migration of their long-winged adults is the key reason for their spread and damage. Population fitness is the core indicator for measuring the adaptability of insects to the environment and the degree of harm. Existing studies have shown that the microorganisms in insects are closely related to the fitness of the population, and the presence of specific microorganisms can improve the fitness of the population. The composition of microorganisms in insects is related to the environmental conditions in which they feed. As migratory rice planthopper species, populations in different source areas are likely to carry different microbial communities, causing differences in the suitability of migratory sources in different years and periods, thereby resulting in significant differences in the population size or occurrence degree of rice planthopper species in time and space. Based on this assumption, in this paper, high-altitude lamps were used to monitor the occurrence dynamics of high-altitude migratory populations at fixed points in Jurong, Jiangsu Province. Ground lamps were used to trap rice planthoppers at different times for fitness determination. Microbial sequencing was adopted to analyze the composition and diversity of bacterial communities in rice planthoppers at different migration times and their relationship with population fitness, etc. The following results were obtained from the research:

1 The number and population composition of rice planthoppers lured by high-altitude lights in Jurong, Jiangsu Province vary at different times.

From 2022 to 2024, continuous monitoring of the amount of rice planthopper lured by high-altitude light traps was conducted in Jurong, Jiangsu Province. The results show that the interannual population of the white-backed planthopper fluctuates greatly, while the main occurrence period is stable. The white-backed planthopper has the highest insect population in 2023. There are 3 to 4 peak periods each year, with the main occurrence period being from July to August (accounting for 94% of the total attracted insects).

The main occurrence period of brown planthoppers varies from year to year. The highest number of insects will occur in 2023. Brown planthoppers have 1 to 4 peak periods each year. The main occurrence period in 2022 and 2024 is from September to October (accounting for 74% of the total). However, the main occurrence period in 2023 was July and August (accounting for 79% of the total).

There were significant differences in the sex composition of the light-induced populations of the white-backed planthopper and the brown planthopper between years and months. The population composition showed a higher number of female insects. There was no significant difference in the female ratio among different months in 2022. The proportion of female insects in September 2023 and August 2024 was significantly lower than that in other months of the same year. The population composition of brown planthoppers shows a higher number of male insects. The female ratio of brown planthoppers in 2024 was significantly higher than that in 2022 and 2023, but there was no significant difference in the female ratio among the months of each year.

The analysis of the time distribution of the amount of insects attracted by high-altitude lights each night on an hourly basis shows that the white-backed planthoppers and brown planthoppers in 2022, as well as the white-backed planthoppers in August and September 2023, all exhibited a distinct "morning peak type" : the amount of insects attracted during the period from 5:00 to 6:00 was significantly higher than that in other time periods. In 2024, there was no significant difference in the amount of insects attracted by white-backed planthoppers and brown planthoppers at different times.

The suitability of the population of rice planthoppers lured by lamps varies in different periods in Jurong, Jiangsu Province.

The research results show that the reproductive capacity, lifespan and survival rate of the white-backed planthopper population lured by light on July 18, 2023 were significantly lower than those on August 15 and August 23. The reproductive capacity, lifespan and survival rate of the white-backed planthopper on July 6-7, 2024 were significantly lower than those on July 14 and September 12. The proportion of F1 female white-backed planthoppers collected on August 15 and 23, 2023 was significantly higher than that on July 18 of the same year. The female ratio of the offspring produced by the induced integra was the highest from July 20 to August 20, 2024, significantly higher than that from July 6 to 16 and from August 2 to September 12.

The survival rate and lifespan of the brown planthopper lured by light on July 30, 2023 were significantly lower than those on September 12 of the same year. The survival rate and lifespan of the brown planthopper lured by light on September 24, 2024 were significantly lower than those on September 25 of the same year. There were no significant differences in the reproductive capacity, F1 generation wing length rate and sex ratio of the light-induced brown planthopper in different periods.

The diversity of bacterial communities in high-altitude light-induced rice planthoppers at different times and its relationship with suitability.

The bacterial composition and abundance in high-altitude light-induced whiteflies and brown planthoppers at different periods from 2022 to 2024 were determined and compared by using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. The results indicated that the dominant bacterial phylum in whiteflies was Pseudomonadota (with an average relative abundance of 88.1%). The two genera with the highest proportions were Wolbachia and Cardinium (with an average relative abundance of 90.8%). The dominant phylum in the brown planthopper is Proteobacteria (relative abundance 92.9%), and the two genera with the highest proportions are Arsenophonus (relative abundance 54.4%) and Wolbachia (relative abundance 35.1%).

The microbial diversity, the relative abundance of Pseudomonadota, and the relative abundance of Cardinium in the white-backed planthopper during the period from July 5th to 6th, 2023, were significantly lower than those in other periods. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that the microbial community structure similarity in the white-backed planthopper during the period of 7.5-6, 2023, was significantly isolated from that of other periods. There was no significant difference in the microbial abundance of brown planthoppers in different periods. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that the similarity of microbial community structure in brown planthoppers in different periods was not significantly separated.

The winglength rate of the F1 generation of the white-backed planthopper light-induced population at different periods was significantly negatively correlated with the Shannon index of the in vivo microbial community (OTUs). The lifespan of the white-backed planthopper was significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of the genus Cardinium in its body. The winglength rate of the F1 generation was significantly negatively correlated with the relative abundance of the genus Cardinium.

In conclusion, in the past three years, the light-induced populations of rice planthoppers in Jurong, Jiangsu Province at different periods have shown various differences in terms of quantity, gender composition, temporal distribution, fitness, and microorganisms in the body. Moreover, there is a certain correlation between the abundance of microbial communities and the fitness of the population. The research results can provide a reference for establishing a population monitoring and early warning method for rice planthoppers based on the number of immigrants, fitness, and microbial composition.

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