水稻作为我国最主要的三大粮食作物之一，其生产效能直接关系我国粮食安全与农业可持续发展。随着消费升级，市场对水稻生产要求已从单纯高产转向优质高产。在水稻生产过程中，水和肥是影响其产量和品质的两个最主要因素。南方稻区虽然水资源充沛，但频发的旱涝灾害与不合理的施肥问题突出，不仅导致水肥利用率低，还制约了水稻产量和品质的提升。优化水肥管理成为实现水稻优质高产与肥水高效协同的关键。本研究基于田间定位试验，设置了5种不同水肥管理模式的田间处理，通过田间监测结合室内实验的方法，探究不同水肥管理模式对水稻产量、品质、水肥利用效率及经济效益的影响；并通过熵权法进行水稻综合效应评价，探究最佳的水肥平衡策略，构建水肥高效、增产提质、节本增收的水稻绿色生产模式。本试验于2023-2024年在江苏省溧阳市南渡镇进行，共设置五个不同水肥管理模式，分别是不施氮对照（CK）、常规模式（CON）、侧深施肥模式（DF）、半旱式垄作模式（SF）、覆膜垄作模式（PM）。研究结果如下：

优化水肥管理可以提高水稻的产量和水肥利用率。与CON相比，优化模式水肥模式增加水稻千粒重1.48%~11.58%，使产量增加2.95%~12.35%。PM模式产量最高（两年分别增产9.11%、12.35%）；其次是SF（两年分别增产2.95%、8.64%）与DF（两年分别增产-4.57%、3.08%）模式；不同水肥优化策略最终均能实现株高和SPAD值稳定；PM模式在氮肥利用效率上表现最优，氮肥农学利用率较CON模式提高79.59%~127.95%，氮肥偏生产力提29.63%~48.78%。所有优化水肥模式均显著降低灌溉水量（降幅11.20~19.80%）和耗水量（3.59~9.08%），其中PM模式灌溉水利用效率较CON提升33.81%（2023年）和35.61%（2024年）。

优化水肥管理可保持较高的加工品质、外观品质和食味品质，从而改善稻米品质。与CON模式相比，优化水肥模式显著降低了青米率，其中2024年PM模式的青米率显著降低9.53%；垩白性状得到显著改善，其中DF、PM模式的垩白度降幅达25.78%~28.25%。优化水肥管理改变了稻米蛋白质组分构成及矿质元素积累模式，并通过提升谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值和增加矿质元素含量，显著改善了稻米的营养均衡性。优化水肥管理通过优化施肥与水分管理协同调控，显著降低了籽粒粗蛋白质含量，提升了直链淀粉含量，提高了稻米食味值。优化水肥管理模式提高稻米品质综合评价值。2024年各处理综合评价从大到小顺序依次为：PM>DF>SF>CK>CON。

水肥管理模式可通过维持灌浆特征和灌浆期源库平衡来提高水稻产量和品质。通过水肥管理，提高穗上部的最大灌浆速率，缩短了强势粒与弱势粒之间达到最大灌浆速率的时间差，使籽粒灌浆充足，保证弱势粒粒重的增加，可能是水稻进一步增产的有效途径。研究发现DF和PM模式降低库源差值，同时提高源库比，表明其通过增强源供应能力缓解了库对源的限制效应，SF模式虽提升灌浆速率，但源库参数与CON无显著差异。

优化水肥管理模式可以提高稻米经济效益和综合评价值。优化水肥管理通过平衡产量增益与资源投入成本，提高经济效益，其中SF模式展现出最佳经济可行性。同时，优化水肥管理下水稻的综合评价值显著提高，2023年综合评价排名由高到低依次为：PM>SF>DF>CON，2024为：PM>DF>SF>CON。通过对产量和品质区域划分，表明覆膜垄作模式与半旱式垄作模式属于高产优质水肥管理措施，而侧深施肥模式与常规模式属于低产低质水肥管理措施，进一步将水肥利用效率和经济效益纳入评判指标可以发现，半旱式垄作模式是高产、优质、高效率、高收益的水稻最佳水肥管理模式。

综上，优化水肥管理通过增强源库活性强度与促进源库系统的协同效应，可显著改善水稻灌浆期的物质分配效率，保证弱势粒粒重的增加，通过调节千粒重来提升籽粒产量。此外，优化水肥管理还显著提高了水肥利用效率，其中覆膜垄作模式在水肥利用效率方面表现最优。灌浆期充足的源强有助于提升籽粒加工品质和营养品质，还可以促进库容量的增长，源库平衡有利于籽粒中直链淀粉积累，继而改善籽粒的外观品质与食味品质。覆膜垄作模式展现出最佳的增产潜力。优化水肥管理模式提高水稻经济效益，其中半旱式垄作模式则展现出较高的经济可行性的生产目标，覆膜垄作模式产值高但需警惕边际效益递减。覆膜垄作模式与半旱式垄作模式属于高产优质水肥管理措施。

As one of the three most important food crops in China, the production efficiency of rice is directly related to China's food security and sustainable agricultural development. With the upgrading of consumption, the market's requirements for rice production have shifted from simple high yield to high quality and high yield. In the process of rice production, water and fertilizer are the two most important factors affecting its yield and quality. Although the southern rice region has abundant water resources, frequent drought and flood disasters and unreasonable fertilization problems are prominent, which not only leads to low water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, but also restricts the improvement of rice yield and quality. Optimizing water and fertilizer management has become the key to achieving high-quality and high-yield rice and efficient synergy of fertilizer and water. In this study, five different water and fertilizer management modes were set up based on field positioning experiments, and the effects of different water and fertilizer management modes on rice yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefits were explored through field monitoring combined with laboratory experiments. Through the entropy weight method, the comprehensive effect of rice was evaluated, the optimal water and fertilizer balance strategy was explored, and a green rice production model with high water and fertilizer efficiency, yield and quality improvement, cost saving and income increase was constructed. The experiment was conducted in Nandu Town, Liyang City, Jiangsu Province from 2023 to 2024, and a total of five different water and fertilizer management modes were set, namely no nitrogen control (CK), conventional mode (CON), side deep fertilization mode (DF), semi-arid ridge cropping mode (SF), and film mulching ridge cropping mode (PM). The results of the study are as follows:

Optimizing water and fertilizer management can improve rice yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency. Compared with CON, the optimized water and fertilizer mode increased the 1000-grain weight of rice by 1.48%~11.58%, and increased the yield by 2.95%~12.35%. The PM mode had the highest yield (9.11% and 12.35% increase in two years, respectively). followed by SF (2.95% and 8.64% increase in production in two years) and DF (-4.57% and 3.08% increase in production in two years); In the end, the plant height and SPAD value were stable under different water and fertilizer optimization strategies. Compared with the CON model, the agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer was increased by 79.59%~127.95%, and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer was increased by 29.63%~48.78%. All the optimized water and fertilizer models significantly reduced the irrigation water amount (11.20~19.80%) and water consumption (3.59~9.08%), and the irrigation water use efficiency of the PM mode increased by 33.81% (2023) and 35.61% (2024) compared with CON.

Optimizing water and fertilizer management can maintain high processing quality, appearance quality and taste quality, thereby improving rice quality. Compared with the CON model, the optimized water and fertilizer model significantly reduced the green rice rate, and the green rice rate in the PM model in 2024 was significantly reduced by 9.53%. The chalkiness was significantly improved, and the chalkiness of DF and PM modes decreased by 25.78%~28.25%. Optimal water and fertilizer management changed the composition of protein components and the accumulation pattern of mineral elements in rice, and significantly improved the nutritional balance of rice by increasing the glutenin/gliadin ratio and increasing the content of mineral elements. Optimized water and fertilizer managementBy optimizing the coordinated regulation of fertilization and water management, the crude protein content of grains was significantly reduced, the amylose content was increased, and the taste value of rice was improved. Optimize the water and fertilizer management mode and improve the comprehensive evaluation value of rice quality. In 2024, the comprehensive evaluation of each treatment in order from large to small was as follows: PM>DF>SF>CK>CON.

The water and fertilizer management model can improve the yield and quality of rice by maintaining the grain filling characteristics and the source-sink balance at the grain filling stage. Through water and fertilizer management, the maximum grain filling rate in the upper panicle was increased, the time difference between the strong and weak grains to reach the maximum grain filling rate was shortened, and the grain filling was sufficient to ensure the increase of the weak grain weight, which may be an effective way to further increase the yield of rice. The results show that the DF and PM modes reduce the reservoir-source difference and increase the source-to-source ratio, indicating that they alleviate the reservoir-to-source restriction effect by enhancing the source supply capacity, and although the SF mode increases the grouting rate, there is no significant difference between the source-reservoir parameters and the CON.

Optimizing the water and fertilizer management mode can improve the economic benefit and comprehensive evaluation value of rice. Optimizing water and fertilizer management can improve economic benefits by balancing yield gain and resource input costs, and the SF model shows the best economic feasibility. At the same time, the comprehensive evaluation value of rice under optimized water and fertilizer management was significantly improved, and the comprehensive evaluation ranking from high to low in 2023 was PM>SF>DF>CON, and in 2024, it was PM>DF>SF>CON. Through the division of yield and quality regions, it was found that the semi-arid ridge cropping mode and semi-arid ridge cropping mode belonged to high-yield and high-quality water and fertilizer management measures, while the side-deep fertilization mode and conventional mode belonged to low-yield and low-quality water and fertilizer management measures.

In conclusion, optimizing water and fertilizer management can significantly improve the material distribution efficiency of rice at the grain filling stage, ensure the increase of weak grain weight, and improve grain yield by adjusting the 1000-grain weight by enhancing the activity intensity of the source sink and promoting the synergistic effect of the source and sink system. In addition, the optimization of water and fertilizer management also significantly improved the water and fertilizer use efficiency, and the mulching ridge tillage mode had the best performance in water and fertilizer use efficiency. Sufficient source strength at the filling stage can help to improve the processing quality and nutritional quality of grains, and can also promote the growth of storage capacity, and the balance of source and reservoir is conducive to the accumulation of amylose in grains, which in turn improves the appearance quality and taste quality of grains. The mulching pattern showed the best potential for increasing yields. Optimizing the water and fertilizer management mode to improve the economic benefits of rice, among which the semi-arid ridge cropping mode showed a higher economic feasibility production target, and the film mulching ridge cropping mode had a high output value but needed to be vigilant against the diminishing marginal benefit. The film mulching ridge cropping mode and the semi-arid ridge cropping mode belong to the high-yield and high-quality water and fertilizer management measures.

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