大豆(Glycine max (L.))是重要的油料和粮食作物，在我国种植面积广大。大豆种质资源是研究大豆起源、遗传和进化的重要材料，我国大豆种质资源的研究起步很早，但地方品种的利用率持续降低，造成了大豆推广品种的遗传基础逐渐狭窄的现状。

本研究使用中国农科院作物科学研究所提供的1402份不同生态类型的种质资源群体为试验材料，于2018年和2019年在安徽省马鞍山市当涂县进行夏播试验。提出利用谷物简易计数软件测量大豆子粒整齐度，探索优化大豆单株产量因子的考种程序。在此基础上，调查了21项大豆农艺性状，比较了不同生态类型大豆种质在当涂农艺性状的表现。在对大豆种质资源群体的农艺性状进行相关性分析基础上进行主成分和聚类分析，对种质资源群体进行分类。最后遴选出单个、复合农艺性状和综合表现优异的大豆种质以作为当涂地区的育种亲本。结果如下：

(1)基于图像的大豆考种流程优化：谷物简易计数软件可快速对单株粒数和粒形性状进行测量，同时还可测量单株子粒的整齐度。品种内和品种间单株粒数和单株荚数均与单株产量呈极显著正相关，同时单株粒数和单株荚数也呈极显著正相关，从而提出基于图像软件计数快速获取单株粒数，结合单株产量间接计算百粒重代替人工计数单株荚数和测量百粒重，方法优化后可节省40%考种时间，多测量10个子粒性状，显著提高了考种效率。

(2)人工进化对大豆资源农艺性状的影响：生育期性状中育成品种相比于地方品种开花期缩短5.8 d，生育后期增加3.8 d，成熟期无明显变化。株型性状中育成品种相比于地方品种株高降低22.2 cm，底荚高降低0.5 cm，分枝数减少0.8个，主茎节数减少2.7个。产量构成性状中育成品种相比于地方品种单株荚数减少11.2个，单株粒数减少22.0粒，百粒重增加3.1 g，单株产量无明显变化。子粒性状中，育成品种相比于地方品种子粒大小及粒形变异系数相似，粒长宽比相同(1.3)，单位面积粒重增加0.076 g/cm2。

(3)不同生态类型大豆种质资源在当涂夏播的农艺表现：东北春播大豆在当涂成熟期最短(91.8 d)，植株较小，但百粒重和子粒较大；北方春播大豆大多数是地方品种，在当涂夏播时植株较大，株高最高(70.3 cm)、分枝数最多(3.1个)、主茎节数最多(16.0个)，但百粒重最小(11.2 g)，子粒较小；黄淮海夏播大豆在当涂农艺性状表现较为平均，但蛋白质含量最低(42.1 %)；南方春播大豆在当涂成熟期较短(92.6 d)，单株荚数和单株粒数最多(52.4个，94.5粒)，百粒重和子粒较小，油脂含量最低(42.1 %)；南方夏播大豆在当涂成熟期最长(100.9 d)，植株较大，株高较高(69.2 cm)，底荚高最高(9.0 cm)，主茎节数最多(16.0个)，单株粒重、百粒重和小区产量最高，分别为12.7 g、15.5 g和448.0 g；国外春播大豆来自世界各地，在当涂表现较为平均。黄淮海夏播大豆和南方夏播大豆由于来源地的环境条件及播季与试验条件相似，其整体表现最适合在当涂夏播种植。

(4)农艺性状的相关性和资源的聚类：地方品种的开花期、成熟期和分枝数与单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量，单株产量与主茎节数、单株荚数和单株粒数间的相关性较低，而在育成品种中，这些性状间的相关系数有所增加。地方品种的底荚高与单株荚数和单株粒数的相关性不显著，但在育成品种中这两对性状间呈极显著负相关。聚类分析将大部分地方品种分到聚类Ⅰ，大部分育成品种分到聚类Ⅱ。

(5)在当涂优异大豆种质遴选：根据种质资源群体2年农艺性状的平均表现，遴选出各个性状表现极端的品种；遴选出一批高产早熟、百粒重和单株产量大、单株荚数和单株粒数多、油脂和蛋白质含量双高等复合农艺性状表现优异的大豆种质可作为长江中下游育种的供体亲本；同时遴选出一批在当涂综合表现优异的大豆种质可作为育种的受体亲本。

Soybean (Glycine max (L.)) is an important oil and food crop, and it is planted in a large area in China. Soybean germplasm resources are important materials for studying the origin, heredity and evolution of soybean.The research of soybean germplasm resources in China started very early, but the utilization rate of landrace continued to decrease, resulting in the gradual narrowing of the genetic basis of soybean cultivars.

In this study, 1402 germplasm resources from different geographic and ecological types provided by the Institute of Crop Science of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences were used as experimental materials. Summer swoing experiments were conducted in Dangtu County, Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province in 2018 and 2019. It is proposed to use simple seed counting software to measure the uniformity of soybean seeds, and to exploring and optimizing the test procedure of soybean yield factor per plant. 21 soybean agronomic traits were investigated, and the agronomic trait performance of soybean germplasm from different geographic ecological types in Dangtu  was compared. Based on the correlation analysis of the agronomic traits of soybean germplasm resource, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out to classify the germplasm resources. Soybean germplasm with single, compound agronomic traits and comprehensive performance was selected as the breeding parents in Dangtu. The result are as follows:

(1) Image-based optimization of soybean seed-testing process: The simple seed counting software can quickly determine the seed number and shape per plant, it can also measure the uniformity of the seeds in single plant. Both the seeds number per plant and the efficient pods number per plant are significantly positively correlated with the seed weight per plant within varietiy and among varieties, and the seeds number per plant and the efficient pods number per plant are also significantly positively correlated, therefore, it is proposed to quickly obtain the seed number per plant based on the image software counting, and combine with the seed weight per plant to indirectly calculate the 100-seed weight instead of manually counting the efficient pods number per plant and measuring the 100-seed weight, after changing, it can save 40% time, measure 10 more seed traits, which improves the survey efficiency of soybean agronomic traits.

(2) Influence of artificial evolution on agronomic traits of soybean resources: Among growth period traits, compared with the landraces, the day to flowering of the improved cultivars was shortened by 5.8 days and the day from flowering to maturity increased by 3.8 days, but there is no obvious change in the day to maturity. Among plant type traits, compared with the landraces, the plant height of the improved cultivars decreased by 22.2cm, the the bottom pod height decreased by 0.5cm, the efficient branch number decreased by 0.8, and the number of main stem nodes decreased by 2.7. Among yield composition traits, compared with the landraces, the node of main stem of the improved cultivars decreased by 11.2, the seeds number per plant decreased by 22.0, and the 100-seed weight increased by 3.1g, there was no significant change in the seed weight per plant. Among seed traits, compared with the landraces, the improved cultivars have similar seed size and coefficient of variation of seed size, the same ratio of seed length-to-width (1.3), and an increase in seed weight per porjection area of 0.076g/cm2.

(3) The agronomic performance of soybean germplasm resources from different ecological types in Dangtu summer sowing: Northeast spring sowing soybeans have the shortest days to maturity in Dangtu (91.8 days), the plants are smaller, but the 100-seed weight and seeds are larger; most of the northern spring sowing soybeans are landraces, their plants are larger when sown in Dangtu at summer, with the highest plant height (70.3 cm), the highest efficient branch numbers (3.1 branches), and the highest node number of main stem (16.0 nodes), but the 100-seed weight is smaller; Huanghuaihai summer sowing soybeans have average agronomic traits in Dangtu, but the protein content is low (42.1%); Southern spring sowing soybeans have a shorter days to maturity (92.6 days) in Dangtu, the efficient pods number per plant and the seed number per plant are the largest (52.4 pods and 94.5 seeds), the 100-seed weight and seed size are smaller, and the oil content is the lowest (42.1%); southern summer sowing soybeans have the longest days to maturity in Dangtu (100.9 days), with larger plant, higher plant heights (69.2 cm), bottom pod heights (9.0 cm), and the largest node number of main stem (16.0 nodes), high seed weight per plant, 100-seed weight and plot yield are 12.7 g, 15.5 g and 448.0 g respectively; foreign spring sowing soybeans come from all over the world, and their performance in Dangtu is relatively even. Because the environmental conditions and sowing season of the source are similar to the experimental conditions, overall performance of Huanghuaihai summer sowing soybeans and Southern summer sowing soybeans is most suitable for summer sowing planting in Dangtu.

(4) Correlation of agronomic traits and resource clustering: Among landraces, the day to flowering, the day to maturity and the efficient branch number have low correlation with traits such as efficient pods number per plant, seeds number per plant and seed weight per plant, the seed weight per plant has low correlation with traits such as the node number of main stem, the efficient pods number per plant, and the seed number per plant. In improved cultivars, the correlation coefficients of these traits increased. There is no significant correlation between the bottom pod height of landraces and the efficient pods number per plant and the seed number per plant, but these two pairs of traits are extremely significantly negatively correlated in improved cultivars. Most landraces are divided into cluster I, and most improved cultivars into cluster Ⅱ by cluster analysis.

(5) Selection of excellent soybean germplasm in Dangtu: According to the average performance of the two-year agronomic traits of the germplasm resource group, the varieties with extreme performance of each trait were selected; a batch of soybean germplasm with excellent performance in compound agronomic traits such as high-yield and early maturity, high 100-seed weight and yield per plant, more efficient pods number per plant and seed number per plant, double high oil and protein content, etc., can be used as donor parents for soybean breeding in middle and lower Yangtze River; at the same time, a batch of soybean germplasm with excellent comprehensive performance in Dangtu was selected as recipient parents for breeding.