自入世以来，中国果蔬产业凭借低廉的劳动力成本优势快速发展，在中国农产品整体呈现贸易逆差且不断增大的大环境下，果蔬出口贸易始终保持较高的贸易顺差，在促进中国农产品对外贸易、提高农民收入等方面发挥重要作用。然而，需要看到是，中国的果蔬生产技术在全球仍处于弱势地位，果蔬产业快速发展是以较高的农药投入为代价的，这导致了中国果蔬产品农药残留问题愈发严重，产品质量逐步下降。随着以农药最大残留限量标准为代表的非技术贸易壁垒在世界范围内兴起，中国低质量的果蔬产品出口屡遭拒、扣、退等事件，国内相关主体损失严重。

虽然我国依据国情农情对标CAC标准，不断提升、完善果蔬产品生产中的农药最大残留限量标准，但规制水平相较于出口目标市场（以发达国家为主）仍然偏低，果蔬产品出口增长依然乏力。现有研究尚多停留在我国与CAC标准的对比分析，或中国与主要出口目标市场某种产品某几类农药规制水平的对比。这种分析一方面无法反应我国与出口目标市场之间的真实农药最大残留限量标准差异，另一方面也不能揭示农药最大残留限量标准覆盖范围差异与严格程度差异对我国农产品出口贸易影响的一般机制与规律。有鉴于此，本文基于农药最大残留限量标准差异视角，深入研究标准严格程度差异与覆盖范围差异对我国果蔬产品出口的影响，既丰富现有农药最大残留限量标准对农产品出口影响的研究体系，也有助于明确我国提高果蔬产品质量与出口竞争力的实施路径。

本文选取2009-2019年中国与主要果蔬出口目标市场的果蔬产品农药最大残留限量标准数据与贸易数据，以指数、指数测算了中国与主要出口目标市场农残标准的严格程度差异、覆盖范围差异，并采用扩展的引力模型实证分析两种标准差异维度对中国果蔬产品出口的影响。为保证基准回归结果的可靠性，本文同时考虑了出口产品与目标市场的异质性，以对基准回归结果进行稳健性检验。结果显示：中国与主要出口目标市场的农残标准严格程度差异、覆盖范围差异的扩大都会显著阻碍我国果蔬产品出口贸易。即相对于出口目标市场，中国农残标准越宽松、覆盖范围越窄，我国果蔬产品越难以顺利出口。此外，本研究还证实了果蔬出口贸易主要受双方当期标准差异的影响。

为提高中国果蔬产品竞争力，促进出口贸易，本文在研究结论的基础上提出以下政策建议：一是政府应密切关注跟踪出口目标市场农残标准，进一步完善我国农药最大残留限量标准体系建设；二是企业应倡导使用低危害生物农药，实现果蔬产品绿色有机。

Since China entered WTO, China's fruit and vegetable industry has been developing rapidly with the advantage of low labor cost. With the overall trade deficit of China's agricultural products increasing, the export trade of fruits and vegetables has always maintained a high trade surplus, which plays a major role in advancing Chinese agricultural products export trade and improving farmers' income. However, it is necessary to see that China's fruit and vegetable production technology is still in a weak position in the world, and the rapid expansion of fruit and vegetable industry is at the cost of higher pesticide investment. As a result, the problem of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is becoming more and more serious,and the product quality is gradually declining. With the rise of non-technical trade barriers represented by the maximum pesticide residue limit standards, China's low-quality fruit and vegetable products export has been rejected, deducted, and returned, and the losses of domestic related subjects are serious.

Although China continues to improve and perfect the pesticide residue limit standards in the production of fruits and vegetables according to its own agricultural situation, in comparison with the importing country (mainly developed countries), the regulatory level is low as before, and the export growth of fruits and vegetables is still weak. However, the existing research still stays in the comparative analysis of China and CAC standards, or the comparison between China and the main export target market of some kind of pesticide regulation level. On the one hand, this analysis can not reflect the difference of the real pesticide maximum residue standard between China and the export destination country, On the other hand, the general mechanism and law of the impact of the differences and strictness of the standard coverage on the export trade of agricultural products can not be revealed. In view of this, this paper, based on the difference of pesticide maximum residue limit standards, studies the influence of the difference of standards' strictness and coverage on the export of fruits and vegetables in China. It not only enriches the research system of the influence of the existing pesticide maximum residue standards on the export of agricultural products, but also helps to clarify the way of rasing the quality and competitiveness of fruits and vegetables products in China.

This paper selects the maximum pesticide residue standard data and trade data of fruits and vegetables products in China and the main export target markets from 2009 to 2019. The paper calculates the difference of the strictness and coverage of the standards of China and the main export target markets by I index and Num index. The extended gravity model is used in this paper to figurt out the difference dimensions of the two standards for the export of Chinese fruits and vegetables products influence. In order to ensure the dependability of the benchmark regression results, the heterogeneity between export products and target markets is considered in this paper. The results reflect that the difference of the strictness of the standards and the expansion of the coverage between China and the main export target markets will significantly hinder the export volume of fruits and vegetables products. That is, compared with the target market, the looser the standard of agricultural residue and the narrower the coverage, the more difficult it is to export fruits and vegetables products smoothly. In addition, the study also confirmed that the export trade of fruits and vegetables was mainly affected by the differences of current standards between the two sides.

In order to promote the competitive edge of fruits and vegetables products and advance export trade, the paper offers the following policy recommendations on account of the research conclusion: first, the government should pay close attention to the following agricultural residue standards in the target market of export, further improve the construction of the maximum pesticide residue standard in China; second, enterprises should advocate the use of low-risk biological pesticides to realize green natural fruits and vegetables products.

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