Income diversification strategies are essential to build resilience to food insecurity, especially in developing countries, where economic stability is often affected by multiple challenges such as resource scarcity, environmental uncertainty and socio-political instability. While the impact of income diversification on food security has been widely explored globally, it is still under-studied in regions that are plagued by such issues, such as Afghanistan. Focusing on Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 302 questionnaires were obtained through face-to-face farmer interviews to explore the relationship between income diversification and household food insecurity. The results showed that those with lower income diversification were at significantly higher risk of severe food insecurity than those with higher income diversification (coefficient β = -0.071, p ≤ 0.001). Further analysis found that households with illiterate heads, married heads of households, no land ownership compared to landed households, the same income as the previous year, no relatives in government positions, poor family economic conditions, a high proportion of female members, and households living far from regional markets. Although income diversification is central to the survival strategy of Helmand Province, income diversification alone does not appear to be sufficient to comprehensively address the food security of all households, especially when considering the high levels of poverty and the adverse effects of environmental change. In summary, this paper recommends promoting income diversification strategies, strengthening education, ensuring equitable distribution of land resources, expanding government employment programs, strengthening community networks, implementing family planning policies and promoting women's empowerment programs, improving market access for families in remote areas, and strengthening infrastructure to effectively alleviate food insecurity in Helmand Province and similar areas.

Strategies for diversifying income are critical for enhancing resilience to food insecurity, particularly in developing countries where economic stability is often challenged by resource scarcity, environmental unpredictability, and socio-political conflicts. While income diversification's impact on food security has been explored globally, there is limited research focusing on this relationship in regions severely impacted by these issues, such as Afghanistan. This study investigated the association between income diversification and household food insecurity in Helmand, Afghanistan. We employed multivariate regression analysis to investigate cross-sectional survey data from household heads (n = 302) to explain the association between income diversification and household food insecurity. We found that households with lower income diversification were more likely to be severely food insecure (β = -0.071, p ≤ 0.001). Households headed by illiterate, married household heads, those without land ownership, those same incomes compared to previous year, those with no relative in a government job, bad financial situation, households with more female members, and those living farther from the district bazaar reported being severely food insecure. While income diversification is crucial for survival in Helmand, it alone does not seem to mitigate food insecurity for all households. Given the region's significant deprivation and the negative impacts of environmental variability. In conclusion, we recommend promoting income diversification, enhancing education, ensuring equitable land distribution, expanding government employment programs, strengthening community networks, implementing family planning and women's empowerment programs, improving market access for remote households, and enhancing infrastructure to mitigate food insecurity in Helmand and similar regions.

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