本试验旨在研究甘草和芦丁配伍对中国黄羽鹌鹑生产性能、蛋品质、血清内分泌激素水平、抗氧化能力和肠道微生物的影响。将240只400日龄中国黄羽鹌鹑随机分成5组，每组4个重复，每个重复12只鹌鹑。对照组，饲喂基础日粮；LR1组，在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg+100 mg/kg甘草芦丁混合物；LR2组，在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg +200 mg/kg甘草芦丁混合物；LR3组，在基础日粮中添加600 mg/kg +100 mg/kg甘草和芦丁混合物，LR4组，在基础日粮中添加600 mg/kg +200 mg/kg甘草和芦丁混合物。试验期共42天，结果如下：

试验一 甘草和芦丁配伍对鹌鹑生产性能、蛋品质、血清激素及抗氧化水平的影响

（1）试验前3周，与对照组相比，日粮中添加不同水平的甘草和芦丁混合物对鹌鹑的饲养日产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比均无显著影响（P > 0.05）；试验后3周，与对照组相比，LR2组和LR4组产蛋率均显著提高（P < 0.05）；LR2组，LR3组LR4组平均蛋重均显著提高（P < 0.05）；各试验组料蛋比均显著下降（P < 0.01）。与对照组相比，各试验组平均日采食量无显著增加（P > 0.05）。在整个试验期间，与对照组相比，LR4组产蛋率显著提高（P < 0.01）。LR2组和LR4组料蛋比较对照组均有显著下降（P < 0.01）。而平均日采食量与对照组相比无显著差异（P > 0.05）。

（2）试验第3周，日粮中添加不同水平的甘草和芦丁混合物对鹌鹑的蛋品质均无显著影响（P > 0.05）；试验第6周，与对照组相比，LR2组和LR4组蛋壳厚度均显著提高（P < 0.05）。而蛋形指数和蛋壳强度与对照组相比均无显著差异（P > 0.05）。

（3）与对照组相比，LR2组和LR4组CORT含量显著降低（P < 0.05）；LR2组，LR3组和LR4组血清E2浓度显著提高（P < 0.01）；LR2组和LR4组血清FSH浓度显著提高（P < 0.05）。LR2组和LR4组P4浓度显著增加（P < 0.01）。

（4）与对照组相比，LR2组和LR4组血清SOD的活性均显著增加（P < 0.05）；LR4组血清CAT的含量显著提高（P < 0.05）。而血清中GSH-PX和MDA的活性与对照组相比均无显著变化（P > 0.05）。与对照组相比，LR2组和LR4组空肠粘膜SOD活性均有显著的提高（P < 0.05）；LR2组和LR4组空肠粘膜MDA的含量显著降低（P < 0.05）。而空肠粘膜中CAT和GSH-PX的活性与对照组相比均无显著变化（P > 0.05）。

试验二 甘草和芦丁配伍对鹌鹑肠道微生物组成和多样性的影响

（1）与对照组相比，LR2组Chao1和ACE指数显著下降（P < 0.05）。

（2）在门分类水平上，LR2和LR3组中Bacteroidete的相对丰度显著高于LR1组（P < 0.05）。LR2、LR3和LR4组中Proteobacteria的相对丰度显著低于LR1组（P < 0.05）。在属分类水平上，LR2和LR3组中Megamonas的相对丰度显著高于其他组（P < 0.01）。LR2、LR3和LR4组中Escherichia-Shigella的相对丰度显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）。

试验三 甘草和芦丁配伍对鹌鹑肠道微生物功能的影响

（1）利用宏基因组测序发现，与对照组相比，LR1组，LR2组和LR3组富集在细胞过程（Cellular Processes）通路的功能基因相对丰度显著升高（P < 0.05）。与对照组相比，LR1组（P < 0.01），LR2组（P < 0.01），LR3组（P < 0.01）和LR4组（P < 0.05）富集在运输和分解代谢（Transport and catabolism）通路的功能基因相对丰度显著增加。与对照组相比，LR1组（P < 0.05），LR2组（P < 0.01）和LR3组（P < 0.01）富集在溶酶体（Lysosome）通路的功能基因相对丰度显著增加。LR1组（P < 0.05）和LR4组（P < 0.01）富集在过氧化物酶体（Peroxisome）通路的功能基因相对丰度显著增加。

（2）将目标物种基因与CARD数据库对比发现，ARGs在对照组鹌鹑肠道微生物群落中聚集较多，而在补充甘草和芦丁混合物的试验组鹌鹑肠道微生物群落中表现出较低的丰度。

（3）产蛋率和平均蛋重均与Bacteroides呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）。产蛋率与Escherichia-Shigella呈显著负相关（P < 0.01），与Fournierella呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）。肠粘膜MDA与Bacteroides、Megamonas和Prevotellaceae_UCG-001呈显著负相关（P < 0.05），与Escherichia-Shigella呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。Bacteroides与肠粘膜SOD（P < 0.01）和CAT（P < 0.05）的浓度呈显著正相关。Escherichia-Shigella与肠粘膜SOD（P < 0.05）和CAT（P < 0.05）的浓度呈显著负相关。

本论文研究结果表明，在日粮中添加甘草和芦丁混合物能够提高中国黄羽鹌鹑的生产性能、改善蛋品质、增强抗氧化能力，并改变了肠道微生物区系的组成。甘草和芦丁添加量为300 mg/kg+200 mg/kg更为适宜。本研究为复方中草药替代抗生素提供了新的参考。

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of licorice and rutin mixture on production performance, egg quality, serum hormone level, antioxidant levels, and gut microbiota in Chinese yellow quail. A total of 240 Chinese Yellow Quail (400-day-old) were randomly allocated to five groups: the Control group received a basic diet; the LR1 group received a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 300+100 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet; the LR2 group received a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 300+200 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet; the LR3 group received a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 600+100 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet, and the LR4 group received a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 600+200 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet. The experiment lasts for 42 days. And the results are as following:

Effects of licorice and rutin mixture on the production performance, egg quality, serum hormone, and antioxidant capacity.

(1) Three weeks prior to the experiment, the addition of varying levels of licorice and rutin mixture to the diet did not yield significant effects on the laying rate, average egg weight, average feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of quails (P > 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Three weeks following the experiment, the laying rate of the LR2 and LR4 groups increased significantly in contrast to the control group (P < 0.05). The average egg weight of LR2, LR3 and LR4 groups increased significantly in contrast to the control group (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio of each experimental group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the average daily feed intake and the control group (P > 0.05).

(2) At the end of the third week, adding different levels of licorice and rutin mixture in the diet had no significant effect on the egg quality of quails (P > 0.05). At the end of the 6th 

week, the LR2 and LR4 groups exhibited a significant increase in eggshell thickness compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in egg shape index and eggshell strength between the groups (P > 0.05).

(3) The LR2 and LR4 groups demonstrated a significant decrease in CORT concentrations in contrast to the control group (P < 0.05). The LR2, LR3, and LR4 groups had a significant increase in serum E2 concentration compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Additionally, serum FSH concentrations were significantly increased in the LR2 and LR4 groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The concentration of P4 in LR2 and LR4 groups increased significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.01).

(4) In comparison to the control group, the LR2 and LR4 groups exhibited a significant increase in serum SOD activity (P < 0.05). Additionally, the LR4 group demonstrated a significant increase in serum CAT activity compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, the addition of different levels of licorice and rutin mixture did not significantly affect serum GSH-PX and MDA activity (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the jejunal mucosa SOD activities were significantly increased in the LR2 and LR4 groups (P < 0.05). The increase of jejunal mucosa MDA activity in the LR2 and LR4 groups was significantly decreased in contrast to the control group (P < 0.05). The addition of different levels of licorice and rutin mixture had no significant effect on jejunal mucosa CAT and GSH-PX activity (P > 0.05).

Effects of compatibility of licorice and rutin mixture on intestinal microbial composition and diversity of quail.

(1) Compared with the control group, Chao1 and ACE index of the LR2 group decreased significantly (P < 0.05).

(2) At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was significantly greater in the LR2 and LR3 groups than in the LR1 group at the phylum level (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was considerably lower in the LR2, LR3, and LR4 groups than in the LR1 group (P < 0.05).

At the genus level, the comparative abundance of Megamonas in the LR2 and LR3 groups was significantly greater than that in other groups (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in the LR2, LR3, and LR4 groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05).

Effect of LR supplement on intestinal microbiota function of quails

(1) By using metagenome sequencing found that the relative abundance of functional 

genes enriched in the Cellular Processes pathway in LR1, LR2 and LR3 groups increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. the relative abundance of functional genes enriched in the Transport and catabolism pathway in LR1 (P < 0.01), LR2 (P < 0.01), LR3 (P < 0.01) and LR4 (P < 0.05) groups increased significantly. The LR1 (P < 0.05), LR2 (P < 0.01), and LR3 (P < 0.01) were enriched in Lysosome pathway. The relative abundance of functional genes enriched in the Peroxisome pathway increased significantly in the LR1 (P < 0.05) and LR4 groups (P < 0.01).

(2) CARD database was employed to explore the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The result showed that most ARGs were intensely expressed in the microbial community of quails intestinal of the control, while quails supplied with licorice and rutin mixture showed a lower relative abundance of ARGs in the intestinal microbiota.

(3) The Spearman correlation analyses showed that the laying rate and average egg weight were positively associated with g-Bacteroides (P < 0.05). The laying rate was negatively associated with g- Escherichia-Shigella (P < 0.01) and was positively associated with g-Fournierella (P < 0.05). And the gut mucosa MDA was negatively associated with g-Bacteroides (P < 0.05), g-Megamonas (P < 0.05), and g-Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 (P < 0.05), while positively associated with g-Escherichia-Shigella (P < 0.01). Furthermore, g-Bacteroides had a significant positive correlation with the concentration of gut mucosa SOD (P < 0.01) and CAT (P < 0.05). And g-Escherichia-Shigella had a significant negative correlation with the concentration of gut mucosa SOD (P < 0.05) and CAT (P < 0.05).

In conclusion, supplementation of licorice and rutin mixture to the diet improved production performance, egg quality, and antioxidant capacity and modified the composition of intestinal microbiota in Chinese Yellow Quails. Licorice and rutin added at 300 mg/kg + 200 mg/kg were more appropriate. This study provided new insight into the substitute antibiotics of herbal mixtures on quails.

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