近年来，药物及个人护理品（PPCPs）的生产和使用量大幅度增加，人畜排泄物和废弃物的不当处理导致其带来的水环境污染问题日益突出，对水生生物和人类用水安全构成了严重的威胁。因此，寻找水中抗生素、解热镇痛药和一些饲料添加剂等污染物的高效去除方法迫在眉睫。高级氧化技术因其效率高和对有机污染物破坏较完全等优点而具有研究和应用价值，其中以过一硫酸盐（PMS）为氧化剂的非均相活化体系为目前污水处理领域的研究热点。本文选择磺胺异恶唑（SIZ）、非那西汀（PNT）和对氨基苯胂酸（p-ASA）为目标污染物，通过开发新型高效钴基催化剂活化PMS降解上述污染物，并对p-ASA降解过程中产生的无机砷进行吸附。本文旨在为处理PPCPs污染提供可行的策略和理论基础。主要研究内容如下：

1. 通过煅烧分散在水稻秸秆生物炭（RSBC）表面的锡钴双金属草酸盐沉淀前驱体制备了RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄，并将其用作活化PMS降解SIZ的催化剂。结果表明，RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄优异的活化性能是因为RSBC、SnO₂和Co₃O₄具有协同作用。RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄（0.1 g/L）/PMS（1 mmol/L）体系在5 min内几乎完全降解50 mg/L的SIZ，且初始pH为9时SIZ的降解效果最佳。RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄也表现出了良好的稳定性和重复使用性能，即使在第五轮循环中，SIZ的降解率仍保持在90%以上。第四次循环使用过的催化剂煅烧后进行第五轮实验，SIZ的降解率再次提高到98%。电子顺磁共振技术和淬灭实验表明单线态氧（¹O₂）是体系中降解SIZ的主要活性氧物种。通过对催化剂表征分析、活性氧物种和SIZ降解产物的鉴定，提出了RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄/PMS体系降解SIZ的可能机理和路径。

2. 通过溶胶凝胶法制备了高岭土负载的铜钴双金属氧化物（kaolin@CuCo₂O₄），并将其作为非均相催化剂活化PMS降解PNT。结果表明，在初始pH为7的条件下，0.1 g/L的kaolin@CuCo₂O₄活化1 mmol/L的PMS可在15 min内完全降解10 mg/L的PNT，且kaolin@CuCo₂O₄表现出最优异的活化性能，PNT降解的伪一级动力学反应速率常数的排序为kaolin@CuCo₂O₄（0.40 min⁻¹）> CuCo₂O₄（0.22 min⁻¹）> kaolin@Co₃O₄（0.10 min⁻¹）> kaolin@CuO（0.08 min⁻¹）> kaolin（0.02 min⁻¹）。Kaolin@CuCo₂O₄也具有较好的稳定性，体系中PNT的降解效率从第一轮的100%下降到第四轮的80%，但是在第三轮使用后进行简单的煅烧处理（20 min）就可以显著恢复其催化活性，实现95%的PNT去除率，比未处理高15%。SO₄^·−、¹O₂和^·OH是kaolin@CuCo₂O₄/PMS体系中负责PNT降解的活性氧物种。基于上述结果以及kaolin@CuCo₂O₄的表征和PNT降解中间产物的鉴定，对kaolin@CuCo₂O₄/PMS体系中PNT降解的可能路径和机理进行了推断。

3. 首次合成了CrPO₄负载的Co₃O₄（CrPO₄@Co₃O₄）作为PMS催化剂，并用于高效去除水中的PNT。CrPO₄@Co₃O₄复合材料表现出优异的活化性能，以其活化PMS（0.5 mmol/L）在15 min内对PNT的降解率超过98%，明显高于Co₃O₄/PMS和CrPO₄/PMS体系。CrPO₄@Co₃O₄优异的活化性能是由于其具有较大的比表面积。另一方面，催化剂中PO₄³⁻的存在可促进Co(III)向Co(II)的转化，而后者是PMS活化的主要活性位点。CrPO₄@Co₃O₄还具有优异的稳定性和重复使用性能，在4轮循环使用实验中PNT的去除率一直保持在91%以上。此外，溶液初始pH对PNT的降解有显著影响，PNT的降解效果在初始pH为5 ~ 7范围内最佳。腐植酸、HCO₃⁻和Cl⁻会抑制PNT的降解效果。实验结果表明SO₄^·−是降解PNT的主要活性氧物种，而O₂^·−的主要作用是作为中间体生成SO₄^·−和¹O₂。为了评估CrPO₄@Co₃O₄/PMS体系的实际应用潜力，研究了PNT在湖水中的降解情况，表明本研究以CrPO₄作为再生材料合成的CrPO₄@Co₃O₄具有应用价值。通过HPLC-TOF-MS²数据分析了PNT的降解中间产物，并进一步推断了其降解路径。

4. 首次利用在空气中煅烧后主要含有铁和蛭石成分的废弃暖贴来负载钴钇双金属氧化物，合成了具有磁性的IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃复合材料，用来活化PMS以实现对p-ASA和释放的无机砷（As(V)）的同步去除。在IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃（0.2 g/L）/PMS（0.5 mmol/L）体系中，50 µmol/L p-ASA在7 min内被完全降解，150 min内吸附了约99%的As(V)。电化学实验表明，IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃比Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃具有更高的电导率，大大促进了PMS的活化。本体系的伪一级动力学反应速率常数（k_{IV@Co3O4-Y2O3}）高达0.873 min⁻¹，是k_Co3O4-Y2O3（0.115 min⁻¹）的7.6倍。活化机理分析表明，SO₄^·−、¹O₂和^·OH参与了p-ASA和As(III)的氧化。生成的As(V)通过与IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃离子交换实现吸附去除。在对p-ASA降解中间产物检测的基础上，进一步提出了p-ASA的降解路径。初始pH对降解和吸附反应有显著影响，弱酸性或中性条件有利于p-ASA和As(V)的去除。为了评价IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃的实际应用潜力，还在天然水样中研究了p-ASA和释放的As(V)的去除。此外，即使在第5次循环中，p-ASA的降解率仍接近100%，对无机砷的吸附率仍超过97%，证明了其高稳定性和重复使用性能。

5. 制备了钴掺杂的铈锰双金属氧化物（Co-CeMnO）以实现Co-CeMnO（0.2 g/L）/PMS（0.25 mmol/L）体系中p-ASA和释放的As(V)的同步去除，50 µmol/L的p-ASA在5 min内几乎完全降解，释放出的As(V)在60 min内约100%被去除。结果表明，SO₄^·−、^·OH和¹O₂是氧化p-ASA和As(III)的活性氧物种。Co-CeMnO表面的−OH通过离子交换吸附释放出来的As(V)。5次循环实验验证了Co-CeMnO具有良好的可重复使用性和稳定性，对p-ASA（> 92%，10 min）和砷（> 98%，90 min）的去除效率高，溶出的金属离子浓度低。Co-CeMnO/PMS体系在不同水质中也能很好地去除p-ASA和As(V)，表明Co-CeMnO具有实际应用潜力。

总而言之，本文制备的高效钴基催化剂（RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄、kaolin@CuCo₂O₄、CrPO₄@Co₃O₄、IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃和Co-CeMnO）通过活化PMS可实现对PPCPs的降解，为废水中PPCPs的去除提供了切实可行的解决方案。

In recent years, the production and use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have increased significantly, and the improper disposal of human and animal excrement and wastes has led to increasingly prominent water pollution problems, which posed serious threats to aquatic life and the safety of drinking water. It is urgent to find efficient methods to remove contaminants such as antibiotics, antipyretic analgesics and feed additives in water. Advanced oxidation processes have the advantages of high removal efficiency and complete destruction of organic pollutants, among which the heterogeneous activation systems with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as an oxidant are the research focus in wastewater treatment. In this paper, sulfamisoxazole (SIZ), phenacetin (PNT) and p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) were selected as the target pollutants, and the new efficient cobalt-based catalysts were developed to activate PMS for the degradation of above pollutants, and the inorganic arsenic released in p-ASA degradation process was adsorbed. This paper aims to provide feasible strategies and theoretical bases for the treatment of PPCPs in wastewater. The main research contents are described as follows:

1. RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄ was prepared for the first time via calcining oxalate precipitation precursor dispersed on the surface of rice straw biochar (RSBC) and used as a catalyst for activating PMS to degrade SIZ. The results demonstrated that the excellent activation performance of RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄ is due to the synergistic effect of RSBC, SnO₂ and Co₃O₄. SIZ (50 mg/L) was almost completely removed in PMS (1 mmol/L)/RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄ (0.1 g/L) system within 5 min. The optimal degradation efficiency of SIZ was realized at initial pH 9. RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄ also displayed remarkable stability and reusability, and the degradation rate of SIZ maintained over 90% even in the fifth round. Moreover, the degradation rate of SIZ was again enhanced to 98% when RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄ was recalcined after the fourth round. The electron paramagnetic resonance technique and quenching experiments proved singlet oxygen (¹O₂) to be the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the SIZ degradation in the RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄/PMS system. The possible mechanism and pathways of SIZ degradation in RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄/PMS system were proposed on the basis of the characterization analyses of the catalyst, and the identification of ROS and SIZ degradation intermediates.

2. Kaolin@CuCo₂O₄ was successfully synthesized by sol-gel method and used as a heterogeneous catalyst to activate PMS for PNT degradation. 10 mg/L PNT was completely degraded by 1 mmol/L PMS activated with 0.1 g/L kaolin@CuCo₂O₄ within 15 min at initial pH 7. Kaolin@CuCo₂O₄ exhibited the excellent activation performance among the tested catalysts, and the order of pseudo-first-order rate constants of PNT degradation were kaolin@CuCo₂O₄ (0.40 min⁻¹) > CuCo₂O₄ (0.22 min⁻¹) > kaolin@Co₃O₄ (0.10 min⁻¹) > kaolin@CuO (0.08 min⁻¹) > kaolin (0.02 min⁻¹). Kaolin@CuCo₂O₄ also possessed superior stability, and the degradation efficiency of PNT declined from 100% in the first round to 80% in the fourth round. Nevertheless, a simple calcining treatment (20 min) after the third round could restore its catalytic activity substantially and 95% removal of PNT was realized, 15% higher compared to that without treatment. SO₄^·−, ¹O₂ and ^·OH were the ROS causing PNT degradation in kaolin@CuCo₂O₄/PMS system. Based on the results mentioned above, kaolin@CuCo₂O₄ characterizations and PNT degradation intermediates, the possible pathways and underlying mechanisms of the PNT degradation in kaolin@CuCo₂O₄/PMS system were deduced.

3. CrPO₄-supported Co₃O₄ (CrPO₄@Co₃O₄) as an efficient PMS catalyst was synthesized for the first time and used to remove PNT from aqueous solution efficiently. CrPO₄@Co₃O₄ composite exhibited a superb activation performance, and over 98% PNT was degraded by PMS (0.5 mmol/L) within 15 min, which is more efficient than Co₃O₄/PMS and CrPO₄/PMS system obviously. The excellent activation performance of CrPO₄@Co₃O₄ was attributed to its higher BET surface area. On the other hand, the presence of PO₄³⁻ in the catalyst could improve the conversion of Co(III) to Co(II), and the latter acted as the main active site for PMS activation. CrPO₄@Co₃O₄ also possessed superior stability and reusability, and the removal rates of PNT remained over 91% through 4 cycle experiments. Moreover, solution initial pH impacted the PNT degradation significantly, and the optimal catalytic degradation of PNT was achieved in an initial range of 5 to 7. Humic acid, HCO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ inhibited PNT degradation. Results revealed that SO₄^·− was the main ROS responsible for PNT degradation, while O₂^·− mainly acted as the intermediate to form SO₄^·− and ¹O₂. To assess the practical application of the CrPO₄@Co₃O₄/PMS system, the PNT degradation was investigated in lake water, and result showed that CrPO₄@Co₃O₄ has practical value. Based on the analysis of the intermediates via HPLC-TOF-MS², and the degradation pathways were further inferred.

4. Waste heating pad, which mainly contains iron and vermiculite components after calcination in air, was used to support cobalt-yttrium bimetallic oxide for the first time. The obtained magnetic composite material (IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃) was applied for the activation of PMS to realize the removal of p-ASA and the secondary inorganic arsenic (As(V)) simultaneously. 50 µmol/L p-ASA was completely degraded in IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃ (0.2 g/L)/PMS (0.5 mmol/L) system within 7 min, and about 99% of the produced As(V) was adsorbed within 150 min. Electrochemical experiments illustrated that IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃ possessed the superior conductivity as compared to Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃, which greatly boosted PMS activation. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (k_{IV@Co3O4-Y2O3}) was high up to 0.873 min⁻¹, which was 7.6 times larger than k_Co3O4-Y2O3 (0.115 min⁻¹). Activation mechanism analyses revealed that the produced SO₄^·−, ¹O₂ and ^·OH participated in the oxidation of p-ASA and As(III). The adsorption of the produced As(V) was achieved by ion exchange on the surface of IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃. The degradation pathways of p-ASA were further proposed on the basis of the detection of its intermediates. Initial pH exerted a significant effect on the degradation-adsorption reaction and weak acidic or neutral condition was beneficial to the removal of p-ASA and As(V). To evaluate the practical application potential of IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃, the disposal of p-ASA and secondary As(V) were also carried out in real water samples. Furthermore, IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃ was consecutively used for 5 times, and almost 100% degradation of p-ASA and over 97% adsorption of inorganic arsenic were still achieved even in the fifth round, which prove its high stability and reusability.

5. Cobalt-doped cerium-manganese bimetallic oxides (Co-CeMnO) was prepared to realize simultaneous elimination of p-ASA and As(V) in Co-CeMnO (0.2 g/L)/PMS (0.25 mmol/L) system, in which 50 µmol/L p-ASA was almost completely degraded within 5 min and approximately 100% of produced As(V) was adsorbed within 60 min. It was revealed that SO₄^·−, ^·OH and ¹O₂ acted as the ROS responsible for the oxidation of p-ASA and As(III), and the surface −OH of Co-CeMnO resulted in the adsorption of As(V) via ion exchange. The excellent reusability and stability of Co-CeMnO was verified by five cycles with high removal efficiencies of p-ASA (> 92%, 10 min) and As(V) (> 98%, 90 min) and low leached metal ion concentrations. The system of Co-CeMnO/PMS also worked quite well in different water matrices for the removal of p-ASA and As(V), indicating the practical application potential of Co-CeMnO.

In summary, the cobalt-based catalysts prepared in this paper (RSBC@SnO₂-Co₃O₄, kaolin@CuCo₂O₄, CrPO₄@Co₃O₄, IV@Co₃O₄-Y₂O₃ and Co-CeMnO) could effectively activate PMS to realize the rapid removal of PPCPs. Thus, this paper provides feasible solutions for PPCPs elimination from wastewater.

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