徐州丰县地区是江苏省重要的苹果生产基地，但目前晚熟富士在品种结构中占绝对优势，使得该地区苹果品种结构较为单一。‘瑞雪’苹果是由‘秦富1号’ב粉红女士’杂交选育而成的晚熟黄色苹果新品种，为优化丰县地区的苹果品种结构，于2018年引进‘瑞雪’苹果，试栽于徐州丰县果树试验站。本实验对‘瑞雪’苹果进行引种观察，设置实验探究提高果实品质的配套栽培技术，结合隶属函数对果实性状指标综合分析，以期为该品种在徐州丰县地区推广种植提供帮助。

‘瑞雪’苹果在丰县地区表现为果实圆柱形，果皮黄色、果面光洁无果锈；平均单果重302.43 g，果形高桩，果形指数为0.92；果肉黄白色，果肉硬度10.66 kg·cm^-2，果肉含水量为83%，可溶性固定物含量为17.46%，100 g鲜果肉可溶性糖含量128.5 mg，可滴定酸含量0.24%，口感脆甜，汁水多，品质佳；4月上旬开花，10月下旬成熟，较‘富士’早3 d，果实发育期191 d左右，成熟期较一致，无采前落果现象。树势中庸，萌芽率56.5%，花朵坐果率78.13%，均明显高于对照；成枝力强，具有明显短枝性状；与主栽品种‘富士’相比，对褐斑病、斑点落叶病等叶片病害抗性较强。该品种适合在徐州丰县地区栽培，生产推广前景广阔。

为探究不同果袋对‘瑞雪’苹果果实品质的影响，选取9种常用果袋，于花后43 d进行套袋处理。与不套袋（CK）相比，9种果袋套袋均能降低果点指数，提高果面光洁度，外黄内白袋（S1）果实果面亮度显著提高了8.69%，固形物含量降低了19.22%；涂蜡外黄内白袋（S2）果实硬度降低了11.95%，固形物含量降低13.94%，固酸比降低15.28%；外茶内白袋（S3）果实果肉含水量和固形物含量分别降低了7.6%、21.66%；外茶内红袋（S4）果实固酸比降低了29.6 %，外黄内红袋（S5）果实单果重降低了33.98%；白色单层纸袋（D1）果实维生素C含量提高了4.28%，果肉含水量降低1.81%；黄色遮光纸袋（D2）果实果面亮度显著提高了10.21%，白色透明塑料果袋（D3）果实固酸比降低30.72%；紫色透明塑料果袋（D4）果实硬度降低21.63%，其余指标差异不显著；双层果袋果实果点指数小于单层果袋。综上所述：‘瑞雪’苹果使用双层涂蜡外黄内白袋（S2）、白色单层纸袋（D1）套袋果实品质最佳。

为探究‘瑞雪’苹果在徐州丰县地区最佳套袋时间，设置3个不同套袋时间，分别于花后33 d（T1）、花后43 d（T2）、花后53 d（T3）使用白色单层纸袋对‘瑞雪’苹果进行套袋处理。与不套袋（CK）相比，T1套袋果实硬度降低14.23%，固形物含量降低了16.78%，固酸比降低29.92%；T2套袋果实硬度降低20.12%，固形物含量降低14.39%，固酸比降低19.7%，T3套袋果实硬度降低18.1%，固形物含量降低了19.92%，固酸比降低了33.7%；套袋时间过早或过晚都会减少果面亮度、降低固酸比且增强果实硬度。综上所述，‘瑞雪’苹果在花后43 d套袋处理果实综合品质最佳。

为探究不同品种花粉对‘瑞雪’苹果果实坐果率及果实品质的影响，本实验选择‘瑞香红’‘华硕’‘富士’‘红玛瑙海棠’和‘维纳斯黄金’5个品种，通过人工授粉的方式为‘瑞雪’苹果授粉。5个品种授粉‘瑞雪’苹果花序坐果率均在90%以上，花朵坐果率在70%以上，其中‘华硕’花粉授粉果实坐果率最高，花序坐果率100%，花朵坐果率89%。在改善果实品质方面，专用授粉品种‘红玛瑙’花粉授粉相较于其他花粉果实，提高了果面光洁度和果实硬度。‘瑞香红’花粉授粉可以提高‘瑞雪’果实果形指数，增加果实单果重和维生素C含量；‘富士’花粉授粉显著提高果实可溶性固形物；‘华硕’花粉授粉显著提高果实固酸比。综上所述，‘瑞雪’苹果专用授粉品种选用‘红玛瑙’海棠，栽培品种选用‘富士’‘瑞香红’，授粉后坐果率满足生产需求，同时改善果实品质。

Fengxian of Xuzhou is an important apple production base in Jiangsu Province, but currently late-maturing Fuji apples have an absolute advantage in the variety structure, resulting in a relatively single apple variety structure in this region. ‘Ruixue’ apple is a new late-maturing yellow apple variety bred by hybridizing ‘Qinfu No.1’ and ‘Pinklady’. In order to optimize the apple variety structure in Fengxian, ‘Ruixue’ apple was introduced and planted at Xuzhou Fengxian Fruit Tree Experimental Station in 2018. This experiment observed and studied the introduction of ‘Ruixue’ apples, set up supporting cultivation techniques to improve fruit quality, combined with membership functions to comprehensively analyze fruit characteristics indicators, aiming to provide assistance for promoting planting of this variety in Fengxian of Xuzhou.

1. The 'Ruixue' apple in Fengxian is characterized by cylindrical fruit shape, yellow skin, smooth fruit surface without russeting; with an average single fruit weight of 302.43 g and a high-stemmed fruit shape index of 0.92; the flesh is yellowish-white, with a hardness of 10.66 kg·cm^-2, a moisture content of 83%, and a soluble solid content of 17.46%; the soluble sugar content in fresh fruit pulp is 128.5 mg per 100 g, titratable acid content is 0.24%, it has a crispy and sweet taste, abundant juice, and excellent quality; it blooms in early April and matures in late October, which is about three days earlier than ‘Fuji’, with a fruit development period of approximately 191 days and consistent maturity period without pre-harvest drop phenomenon. The tree has moderate vigor, with an emergence rate of 56.5% and a flower-to-fruit set rate of 78.13%, both significantly higher than the control group; it has strong branching ability and exhibits obvious short branch characteristics; compared to the main cultivated variety ‘Fuji’, it shows stronger resistance to leaf diseases such as brown spot disease and leaf spot disease.This variety is suitable for cultivation in Feng County in Xuzhou City with broad prospects for production promotion.

2. To investigate the effects of different fruit bags on the quality of ‘Ruixue’ apple fruits, nine commonly used fruit bags were selected for bagging treatment 43 days after flowering. Compared with no bagging (CK), bagging of 9 kinds of fruit bags can reduce fruit point index and improve fruit surface finish, the brightness of outer yellow and inner white bag (S1) fruit surface is significantly increased by 8.69%, and the solid content is decreased by 19.22%. Wax-coated S2 fruit hardness decreased by 11.95%, solid content decreased by 13.94% and solid acid ratio decreased by 15.28%. The fruit pulp water content and solid content of S3 decreased by 7.6% and 21.66%, respectively. The fruit solid acid ratio of outer red bag (S4) decreased by 29.6%, and the single fruit weight of outer yellow and inner red bag (S5) decreased by 33.98%. The vitamin C content of white paper bag (D1) increased by 4.28%, and the pulp water content decreased by 1.81%; The fruit surface brightness of yellow paper bag (D2) was significantly increased by 10.21%, and the solid acid ratio of white transparent plastic bag (D3) was decreased by 30.72%. The fruit hardness of purple transparent plastic fruit bag (D4) decreased by 21.63%, and the other indexes were not significantly different. The fruit point index of double-layer fruit bag was lower than that of single-layer fruit bag. To sum up: "Ruixue" apples using waxed yellow inside white bag (S2), white single-layer paper bag (D1) bagging fruit quality is the best.

3. To explore the optimal bagging time for ‘Ruixue’ apples in Fengxian, Xuzhou, three different bagging times were set: 33 days after flowering (T1), 43 days after flowering (T2), and 53 days after flowering (T3). White single-layer paper bags were used to bag the apples. Compared with the control group, T1 bagged fruits had a decrease of 14.23% in hardness, a decrease of 16.78% in soluble solids content, and a decrease of 29.92% in sugar-acid ratio; T2 bagged fruits had a decrease of 20.12% in hardness, a decrease of 14.39% in soluble solids content, and a decrease of 19.7% in sugar-acid ratio; T3 bagged fruits had a decrease of 18.1% in hardness,a decreased of 19.92%in soluble solid content,and a decrease of 33.7% in sugar-acidratio.Bagging too early or too late would reduce fruit surface brightness, lower sugar-acid ratio and increase fruit hardness.In conclusion,the comprehensive quality of ‘Ruixue’ apples was best when they were bagged at 43 days after flowering.

4. In order to investigate the effects of different varieties of pollen on fruit set rate and fruit quality of ‘Ruixue’ apples, this experiment selected five varieties: ‘Ruixianghong’, ‘Huashuo’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Redhornet’ and ‘Harlikar’. The pollination was carried out manually for the ‘Ruixue’ apples. The fruit set rate for all five varieties exceeded 90%, while the flower set rate exceeded 70%. Among them, the pollen from the variety ‘Huashuo’ had the highest fruit set rate at 100% for flower clusters and 89% for individual flowers. In terms of improving fruit quality, pollination with specialized pollen from the variety ‘Redhornet’ resulted in smoother fruit surface and increased hardness compared to other pollinated fruits. Pollination with pollen from ‘Ruixianghong’ improved the fruit shape index, increased individual fruit weight and vitamin C content in ‘Ruixue’ apples. Pollination with pollen from ‘Fuji’ significantly increased soluble solids content in fruits, while pollination with pollen from ‘Huashuo’ significantly improved solid-to-acid ratio in fruits. In conclusion, ‘Redhornet’ is selected as the pollinating variety for 'Ruixue' apple, and 'Fuji' and 'Daphne red' are selected as the cultivated varieties. The fruit setting rate after pollination meets the production demand and improves the fruit quality at the same time.

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