油菜-棉花两熟种植制度是我国长江流域重要的集约化种植模式，通过合理复种可以提高土地利用率和经济效益。油-棉两熟制中棉花产量的提高主要依靠氮肥和磷肥等生产要素高投入实现，过量的化肥投入不仅浪费资源，还会污染环境。在农田生态系统中，丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF)在土壤与作物之间的氮、磷养分循环中发挥重要作用。油菜秸秆作为一种重要的再生资源，还田后能提高土壤有机质含量，促进土壤养分循环。虽然秸秆还田对AMF群落和作物产量的影响已有广泛报道，但是关于秸秆还田对不同肥力棉田土壤AMF群落结构及其解氮、解磷功能、作物生产力的促进机制尚不完全清楚。因此，本研究于2023-2024年在江苏大丰(120º28'E，33º12'N)稻麦原种场开展大田试验。试验为两因素裂区设计，主区设置为低、中、中高、高(分为前期生物炭、豆饼还田两种类型，分别用高肥力-生物炭、高肥力-豆饼表示)4种肥力棉田；副区为油菜秸秆还田和不还田。通过研究油菜秸秆还田对不同肥力棉田棉花产量形成、氮肥和磷肥利用率、土壤氮、磷相关酶活性、养分含量变化及AMF群落的影响，揭示AMF群落演变特征及其对土壤微生态环境的适应机制，为作物秸秆培肥促进农田生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据和实践指导。主要的研究结果如下：

1. 秸秆还田对不同肥力棉田棉花产量及养分利用的影响

秸秆还田通过增加棉花铃数、铃重及各器官养分利用效率进而提高籽棉产量。与秸秆不还田相比，秸秆还田下低、中、中高肥力、高肥力-生物炭、高肥力-豆饼棉田的籽棉产量增加在2023-204年分别为23.4%-28.3%、27.8%-28.7%、17.6%-19.0%、4.9%-14.6%和5.1%-14.9%。与秸秆不还田相比，秸秆还田显著促进棉花各器官氮、磷吸收，且低肥力棉田的棉花氮、磷吸收提升幅度最大，而高肥力棉田的增幅较小。在氮、磷肥利用效率方面，秸秆还田对中肥力棉田棉花的氮、磷肥利用效率提升效果最显著，而高肥力-豆饼棉田的增幅最小。因此，秸秆还田通过优化棉株氮、磷吸收，提高肥料利用效率，从而提高棉花产量，但其作用效应受棉田土壤肥力影响。

2. 秸秆还田对不同肥力棉田土壤氮、磷转化过程的影响

秸秆还田通过提高氮、磷相关酶活性来促进土壤氮、磷转化过程。在不同肥力棉田，秸秆还田对土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的提升效应有显著差异。全氮含量在低肥力棉田两年增幅达9.4%-12.2%，显著高于高肥力棉田。同时秸秆还田显著提高土壤全磷和有效磷含量。有效磷含量在低肥力棉田增幅最高，高肥力-生物炭棉田增幅最低。与秸秆不还田比，秸秆还田对土壤关键氮、磷相关酶活性均有促进作用。此外，全氮、全磷与有机碳、速效养分及酶活性呈显著正相关，而pH值和电导率则与速效氮、有效磷显著负相关。因此，秸秆还田可以通过提高氮、磷相关酶活性，从而增强土壤氮、磷转化效率，其效应在低肥力棉田中尤为显著。

3. 秸秆还田对不同肥力棉田丛枝菌根真菌的影响

秸秆还田显著提高AMF侵染率、菌丝密度及孢子密度，并提高球囊蛋白含量。秸秆还田显著增加近明球囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)相对丰度，但抑制球囊霉属(Glomus)相对丰度，并提升AMF的α多样性。与秸秆不还田相比，秸秆还田显著增加了不同肥力棉田的Shannon指数和Chao 1指数。秸秆还田显著降低了低、中肥力和高肥力-豆饼棉田的Simpson指数，显著提高了中高肥力棉田的Simpson指数，对高肥力-生物炭棉田无显著影响。冗余分析表明，土壤pH值、电导率及碱性磷酸酶活性是驱动AMF多样性变化的主要因素。同时AMF多样性、菌丝密度与棉花氮肥、磷肥利用率呈显著正相关，偏最小二乘路径模型证实AMF通过激活氮、磷相关酶活性间接提高速效养分含量，最终提高棉花产量。

综上所述，秸秆还田能显著改善不同肥力棉田土壤理化性质和提高土壤氮、磷转化相关酶活性，提高土壤供氮、供磷能力和氮、磷利用率来促进棉花氮、磷吸收及干物质积累。秸秆还田通过优化AMF群落结构和多样性，强化土壤-微生物-作物互作关系，其效应在低肥力中尤为显著，为秸秆还田策略的制定提供了微生物学依据。

Rapeseed-cotton double cropping system is an important intensive planting mode in the Yangtze River Basin in China. Rational double cropping can improve land use efficiency and economic benefits. The increase of cotton yield in the rapeseed-cotton double cropping system mainly depends on the high input of production factors such as nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. However, excessive fertilizer input rate not only wastes nutrient resources, but also increases environmental pollution. In the agroecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient cycle in soil-crop system. Rapeseed straw, as an important renewable resource, can improve the content of soil organic matter and promote soil nutrient cycling after returning to the field. Although the effects of straw retention on AMF community and crop yield have been widely reported, the developing mechanism of straw retention on soil AMF community structure, nitrogen and phosphorus solubilizing function and crop productivity in cotton field with different fertility is not completely clear. Therefore, this study was conducted at Dafeng Basic Seed Farm (120º28'E, 33º12'N) in Jiangsu Province. The experiment was designed as a two-factor split plot design. The main plots were set as low, medium, medium-high and high (divided into two types formed by the previous continuous biochar and soybean cake retention, which were expressed by high fertility biochar and high fertility soybean cake respectively); The sub plots were rapeseed straw retention and rapeseed straw removal. To provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for crop straw fertilization to promote the sustainable development of agroecosystem, we investigated the effects of rapeseed straw retention on cotton yield formation, nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency, soil nitrogen and phosphorus associated enzyme activities, nutrient content changes, and AMF community in different fertility cotton field. And the dynamic characteristics of AMF community and its adaptation mechanism to soil micro-ecological environment were revealed. The main results are as follows:

1. Effects of straw retention on cotton yield and nutrient utilization in cotton field with different fertility

In different fertility cotton field, the effects of straw retention on cotton yield and nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency were significantly different. Straw retention can improve seedcotton yield by increasing boll number and boll weight. Compared with straw removal, the increase of seedcotton yield under straw retention was 23.4%-28.3%, 27.8%-28.7%, 17.6%-19.0%, 4.9%-14.6% and 5.1%-14.9% in 2023 and 2024 in the low, medium, medium-high fertility, high fertility biochar, and high fertility soybean cake cotton field, respectively. Straw retention significantly promoted the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in different organs of cotton, and the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in low fertility increased the most, while the increase in high fertility was the lowest. In terms of nitrogen use efficiency, the effect of straw retention on improving the nitrogen use efficiency of cotton was the best in medium fertility and the lowest in high fertility soybean cake cotton field. The improvement of phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency also showed a similar trend. Therefore, straw retention can increase cotton yield by optimizing the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and improving the efficiency of fertilizer utilization. However, the effect intensity is regulated by the gradient of soil fertility in the cotton field.

2. Effects of straw retention on transformation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in cotton field with different fertility

Straw retention can enhance the transformation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus by promoting the activities of nitrogen and phosphorus associated enzymes. In cotton field with different fertility, straw retention had significant effects on soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The total nitrogen content in low fertility increased by 9.4%-12.2%, significantly higher than that in high fertility. At the same time, straw retention significantly increased the content of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus. The increase of available phosphorus content was the highest in low fertility and the lowest in high fertility biochar cotton field. Compared with straw removal, straw retention could promote the activities of soil nitrogen and phosphorus associated enzymes. In addition, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon, available nutrient and enzyme activity, while pH value and electrical conductivity were significantly negatively correlated with available nitrogen and available phosphorus. Therefore, straw retention can enhance the transformation efficiency of soil nitrogen and phosphorus by improving the activities of nitrogen and phosphorus associated enzymes, especially in low fertility cotton field.

3. Effects of straw retention on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cotton field with different fertility

Straw retention significantly increased AMF infection rate, mycelial density, spore density, and glomalin-related soil protein content. Straw retention significantly increased the relative abundance of claroideoglomus, but inhibited the relative abundance of glomus, and increased the α diversity of AMF. Compared with straw removal, straw retention significantly increased the Shannon index and Chao 1 index in different fertility cotton field. Straw retention significantly reduced the Simpson index of low, medium fertility and high-fertility soybean cake cotton field, significantly increased the Simpson index of medium-high fertility cotton field, but had no significant effect on high-fertility biochar cotton field. Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH value, electrical conductivity and alkaline phosphatase activity were the main factors driving the diversity of AMF. At the same time, AMF diversity and mycelial density were significantly positively correlated with the use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in cotton. Partial least squares path model confirmed that AMF indirectly increased the content of available nutrient by activating the activities of nitrogen and phosphorus associated enzymes, and ultimately increased cotton yield.

In conclusion, straw retention can significantly improve the soil physical and chemical properties of cotton field with different fertility, stimulate the activities of enzymes associated with soil nitrogen and phosphorus transformation, enhance the soil nitrogen and phosphorus supply capacity, and promote nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency to support cotton nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and biomass accumulation. Straw retention can optimize the community structure and diversity of AMF and strengthen the soil-microbe-crop interaction relationship, especially in low fertility cotton field, providing a microbiological basis for developing straw returning strategies.

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