呋虫胺(dinotefuran)是由三井化学公司研发的烟碱类杀虫剂，其作用机制是通过抑制烟碱乙酰胆碱受体干扰昆虫的神经系统。主要用于防治害虫如蚜虫、烟粉虱、蓟马、叶蝉、斑潜蝇、叶蜂、蝼蛄、网蝽、谷象、甲虫、水蜡虫、蟑螂等。目前，很少关于呋虫胺的残留和降解方面的研究。本论文系统研究了呋虫胺的环境行为(水解、光解、土壤降解、土壤吸附及移动性)以及在小麦田中的残留消解动态，为呋虫胺的环境安全性评价及合理使用提供科学的依据。主要成果有： 1. 建立了呋虫胺在小麦植株、土壤、麦粒中的残留分析方法。样品采用乙腈提取，SPE固相萃取柱净化，通过高效液相色谱紫外检测器进行检测。在添加浓度为0.05~1.0 mg/kg时，回收率为83.29~92.15%，相对标准偏差为0.29~3.21%。呋虫胺最低检测浓度为0.05 mg/kg。方法符合呋虫胺残留检测要求。 2. 经江苏、河南、河北两种剂型三地的残留实验研究结果表明，呋虫胺在小麦植株、土壤中的残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程。20%的呋虫胺可溶性粒剂在植株上的半衰期为1.85~2.62 d，在土壤中的半衰期为4.87~5.44 d；最终残留试验表明，距最后一次施药21 d时，植株中的最大残留量为1.071 mg/kg；在土壤和麦粒中的呋虫胺残留量均小于0.05 mg/kg。20%呋虫胺悬浮剂在植株上的半衰期为1.36~4.19 d，在土壤中的半衰期为6.40~7.71 d；最终残留试验表明，距最后一次施药后21天，植株中的最大残留量为1.394 mg/kg，土壤中的呋虫胺残留量均小于0.05 mg/kg，在麦粒中的呋虫胺最大残留量为0.119 mg/kg。20%呋虫胺可溶性粒剂以推荐剂量60 g a.i/h于蚜虫发生期施药2、3次，安全间隔期为21天；20%呋虫胺悬浮剂以推荐剂量120 g a.i/h于蚜虫发生期施药2、3次，安全间隔期为21天。 3. 呋虫胺水解实验表明：呋虫胺属于难水解农药；在不同缓冲液中的水解速率依次为：pH 9>pH 7>pH 5，pH值是影响水解的决定性因素；水解同时受温度的影响，随温度升高水解速率加快；SDS能显著抑制呋虫胺水解，且随着浓度的增大抑制作用增强；腐殖酸能显著促进呋虫胺水解，且随着浓度的增大促进作用增强；呋虫胺在自然环境中水解速率远大于室内模拟实验条件下的水解速率。 4. 在氙灯照射下，研究了呋虫胺光降解规律。结果表明，在5~40 mg/kg浓度范围内，呋虫胺在水中的光解速率随初始浓度的增大而降低；呋虫胺在三种光源下的降解速率顺序为：高压汞灯>紫外灯>氙灯；光照强度越大，呋虫胺降解越快；呋虫胺在4种有机溶剂中光解速率大小顺序为：正己烷>乙腈>甲醇>乙酸乙酯；呋虫胺在碱性条件下降解较酸性条件下快；Fe3+对呋虫胺光解有促进作用，在1.0 mmol/L促进作用最强；Fe2+对呋虫胺光解有抑制作用，且随着浓度的增加，抑制作用增强。 5. 采用室内模拟试验，研究了呋虫胺在三种不同类型土壤中的降解及其影响因素。结果表明，呋虫胺在不同类型土壤降解快慢顺序依次为：南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤；土壤湿度越大，呋虫胺降解越快，当土壤湿度为饱和含水量80%时，会对微生物生长产生抑制作用，降解减慢；微生物和有机质在土壤降解过程中起着重要的作用。 6. 呋虫胺在三种不同类型土壤中的吸附能力顺序为：东北黑土>南京黄棕壤>江西红壤。薄层层析试验表明，呋虫胺在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤与东北黑土的Rf值分别为0.77、0.87、0.55，呋虫胺在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤中属于可移动，在东北黑土中属于中等移动。土柱淋溶试验表明，呋虫胺在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤淋出液中的含量为总量的37.4%、65.0%，呋虫胺在东北黑土中主要集中在10.0~30.0 cm处。表明呋虫胺对地下水污染存在潜在风险性，特别是对南京黄棕壤和江西红壤。

Dinotefuran is an insecticide of the neonicotinoid class developed by Mitsui Chemicals, its mechanism of action involves disruption of the insect''''s nervous system by inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Dinotefuran has obvious control of insect pests such as aphids, whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, leafminers, sawflies, mole cricket, lacebugs, billbugs, beetles, mealybugs, and cockroaches. At present, the report about residue and degradation of dinotefuran is little. In this study, the environment behavior (hydrolysis, photolysis, soil degradaton, absorption and mobility) and residual digestion dynamics of dinotefuran were systematically studied. These results provided scientific bases for reasonable using and evaluating environmental safety of dinotefuran. The main results were as follows: 1. An analytical method was developed for dinotefuran residues in soil, wheat and plant samples.The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by HPLC with UV detector. At the spiked concentrations of 0.05~1.0 mg/kg, the average recoveries were 83.29~96.93%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 0.29% to 2.91%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.05 mg/kg. The analytical method meets the requirement of residual determination of dinotefuran. 2. The results of residues degradation dynamics of dinotefuran with two formulations at three wheat paddy fields of Jiangsu, Henan, Hebei showed that the degradation dynamics accord with the kinetic equation. The half life (t1/2) of 20% dinotefuran soluble granule (SG) was 1.85~2.62 d in wheat plant, 4.87~5.44 d in soil. The results of the final residue experiments showed that the final residues of dinotefuran at 21 d after last application were the maxium residue 1.071 mg/kg in plant, under 0.05 mg/kg in soil and wheat. The half life (t1/2) of 20% dinotefuran suspension concentrate (SC) was 1.36~4.19 d in wheat plant, 6.40~7.71 d in soil. The results of the final residue experiments showed that the final residues of dinotefuran at 21 d after last application were the maxium residue 1.394 mg/kg in plant, 0.119 mg/kg in wheat, and under 0.05 mg/kg in soil.The dosage of 20% dinotefuran SG is below 60 g a.i/ha, by spraying 2 or 3 times in Aphid occurrence with the interval of 21 d. The dosage of 20% dinotefuran SC is below 120 g a.i/ha, by spraying 2 or 3 times in Aphid occurrence with the interval of 21 d. 3. The result of hydrolysis test showed that dinotefuran belongs to hard hydrolysis pesticides. The hydrolytic rate of dinotefuran in different pH value buffers showed the following sequence: pH 9>pH 7>pH 5, pH was a decisive factor for the effect of hydrolysis.Temperature also had an effect on dinotefuran hydrolysis, which was increased with temperature increasing. SDS could significantly restrain the hydrolysis rates of dinotefuran and the restraining degree was enhanced with the increasing concentration of SDS. Humic acid could promote the hydrolysis rates of dinotefuran and the promoting degree was enhanced with the increasing concentration of humic acid. And the hydrolysis rate of dinotefuran in the natural environment was faster than in the labortory. 4. The photo-degradation of dinotefuran was studied under the irradiation of Xenon lamp. The results showed that the photolytic rate was negatively correlated with the increasing concentration of dinotefuran in aqueous solution at ranged from 5 to 40 mg/kg. The photolytic rate of dinotefuran in three optical source was followed by high pressure mercury lamp>ultraviolet lamp>Xenon lamp, the photo-degradation of dinotefuran was increased with light intensity increasing. The photolytic rates of dinotefuran in four organic solvents showed the following sequence: n-hexane> acetonitrile> methanol> ethyl acetate. The photolytic rate of dinotefuran in alkaline buffer solution was much faster than in acid buffer solution. Fe3+ could promote the photolytic rates of dinotefuran and the strongest promoting was presented at the concentration of 1.0 mmol/L. Fe2+ could restrain the hydrolysis rates of dinotefuran and the restraining degree was enhanced with the increasing concentration of Fe2+. 5. The degradation and the influence factors of dinotefuran in three kinds were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that the degradation rates followed the sequence: Nanjing yellow-brown soil>Northeast China black soil>Jiangxi red soil. The increased moisture accelerated the decay of dinotefuran in soil, the decay was slower at 80% moisture treatments because microbial organisms growth was inhibited. Microbial organisms and organic matter play an important role in the process of soil degradation. 6. The adsorption ability of dinotefuran in three kinds of soils following the sequence: Northeast China black soil>Nanjing yellow-brown soil>Jiangxi red soil. The results of soil Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed that the Rf were 0.77, 0.87 and 0.55 in Nanjing yellow-brown soil, Jiangxi red soil and Northeast China black soil, respectively. Dinotefuran was removable in Nanjing yellow-brown soil and Jiangxi red soil, and medium-mobile in Northeast China black soil. The results of Soil Column Leaching showed that 37.4% and 65.0% of dinotefuran were leached out in Nanjing yellow-brown soil and Jiangxi red soil. The pesticide mainly remained in a distance of 10.0~30.0 cm in Northeast China black soil. These results demonstrate that dinotefuran has potential risk for contaminating groundwater, especially for yellow-brown soil and red soil.