我国是小麦种植大国，小麦种植面积为全国耕地总面积的22-30%和粮食作物总面积的20-27%。提高小麦单位面积的产量对我国农业的发展有着非常重大的意义。提高小麦产量的重要环节是播种与施肥，播种施肥作业质量的好坏直接影响小麦的生长发育和产量，所以研制出高质量的播种施肥机成为了我国农业发展的迫切要求。

外槽轮式播种施肥机是我国小麦播种施肥的主流机型，目前实际使用的机型以地轮驱动为主，作业精度较低，适应性较差；基于电机为驱动的变量施肥和精量播种机型是外槽轮式播种施肥机的发展趋势，但由于电机驱动型播种施肥机功耗大、控制本质开环（控制精度容易受到作业工况变化和排料器物理特性改变的影响）等原因未能得到广泛应用。

针对电机驱动型外槽轮式播种施肥机存在的主要问题，本文以临海农场实际使用的宽幅（4米）旋耕机为安装平台，将团队已有的基于播量检测的外槽轮式播种施肥机研发成果进行转化移植，通过整机机构设计、改进外槽轮排料器功能结构，优化驱动与传动机构，研发一种基于电机驱动，可实现闭环控制（融合课题组已有的播量检测装置）的宽幅、低功耗小麦播种施肥一体机，为推广应用电机驱动型小麦播种施肥机一体机开展技术实践。

主要研究内容和成果如下：

（1）播种施肥一体机箱体结构设计

完成了箱体的设计：合理地设计了箱体结构，保证了物料在箱体排料通道口处的流动性；设计了箱体与播量检测装置之间的固定安装机构和箱体中间支撑结构，既保证了检测装置测量性能的发挥，也保证了大跨度箱体的稳定性和安装精度；通过优化设计箱体与播种施肥器的连接机构，保证了播种施肥器槽轮设计轴心与实际驱动轴心之间安装同轴度，有效减少了摩擦扭矩。

（2）驱动系统安装机构的设计

设计了一种高精度且拆装方便的组合式安装机构，既保证了驱动系统安装的稳定性与可靠性，又保证了传动系统各零件的安装精度。

（3）外槽轮式播种施肥器优化设计

针对现有外槽轮式播种施肥器存在运转阻力大，易卡种磨损种子、播种施肥不均匀等问题对其进行优化：安装了薄壁轴承，保证槽轮能够精准定位，消除了槽轮和播种施肥器主体间的摩擦，槽轮运转阻力小；槽轮定位环与轴承和槽轮之间的配合关系使得槽轮易更换。

（4）仿真与分析

使用有限元分析软件ANSYS对箱体、连接件、氮气弹簧安装支架等主要受力部件进行静应力分析，判断结构设计安全性与可靠性；使用离散元分析软件EDEM对播种施肥器工作过程进行仿真，分析物料在播种施肥器中的分布与运动情况，判断播种施肥器的密封性以及结构设计的可行性。

（5）综合性能测试与评估

播种施肥器排量一致性和排量稳定性评估试验表明：播种量变异系数最大值、平均值、标准差、非线性误差分别2.27%、1.23%、0.48%、0.66%，施肥量相应数据分别为2.65%、1.7%、0.46%、0.98%；水泥路面（少量坑洼）车载式动态播量试验表明：累积播量相对误差平均值和标准差分别为3.52%和1.14%；在播种施肥机的工作范围内，输出功率最大值为270W，最小值为82.8W。

以上试验结果表明：本文设计的播种施肥一体机在机载状态下播量检测装置能有效获取测量信号，整机结构具有较好的稳定性；通过与课题组现有宽幅2.3米的播种施肥一体机作对比，本文设计的播种施肥一体机功耗较低，具有较好的排量一致性和稳定性。

China is a big wheat planting country, with wheat planting area accounting for 22-30% of the country's total arable land and 20-27% of the total grain crop area. Improving wheat yield per unit area is of great significance to the development of agriculture in China. The important link to improve wheat yield is sowing and fertilization. The quality of sowing and fertilization directly affects the growth and yield of wheat. Therefore, it has become an urgent requirement for agricultural development in China to develop a high-quality sowing and fertilizer application machine.

Trough wheel seeding and fertilizing machine is the mainstream type of wheat seeding and fertilizing machine in China. At present, ground wheel driving is the main type of machine in actual use, which has low operating accuracy and poor adaptability. Variable fertilization and precision seeder based on motor drive are the development trend of external groove wheel seeder and fertilizer applicator. However, due to the large power consumption of motor drive seeder and fertilizer applicator and the open loop control essence (the control precision is easily affected by the change of operating conditions and the physical characteristics of the feeder), it has not been widely used.

Outside groove for motor driven wheel main problems of sowing machinery, this paper takes linhai farm actually use the (4 meters) wide rotary cultivator for installation platform, the team has been based on information quantity detection of outer tank wheeled into transplants in sowing machinery research and development achievements through the whole body design, improvement of outside slot round row feeder function structure, optimize the drive and transmission mechanism, A wide-width, low-power wheat seeding and fertilization integrated machine based on motor drive can realize closed-loop control (fusion seeding quantity detection device), and carry out technical practice for the promotion and application of motor driven wheat seeding and fertilizer application integrated machine.

The main research contents and results are as follows:

(1) The structure design of an integrated planting and fertilizing cabinet

The design of the box body is completed: the box body structure is reasonably designed to ensure the fluidity of the material at the outlet of the box body discharge channel; the fixed installation mechanism and the box body intermediate support between the box body and the seeding rate detection device are designed The structure not only ensures the measurement performance of the detection device, but also ensures the stability and installation accuracy of the large-span box; through the optimized design of the connecting mechanism between the box and the seeding and fertilizer applicator, it ensures that the design axis of the seeding and fertilizer applicator is The coaxiality is installed between the actual drive shafts, which effectively reduces the friction coefficient.

(2) Design of drive system installation mechanism

A high-level and easy-to-disassemble combined installation mechanism is designed, which not only ensures the stability and reliability of the drive system installation, but also ensures the installation accuracy of the components of the drive system.

(3) Optimized design of outer groove wheel type seeding and fertilizer applicator

The existing outer groove wheel type fertilizer applicator has large running resistance, easy to jam and wear seeds, and uneven sowing and fertilization. It is optimized: a thin-walled bearing is installed to ensure that the groove wheel can be accurately positioned, eliminating the problem of the groove wheel and the The friction between the main body of the seeding and fertilizer applicator, the running resistance of the sheave wheel is small; the matching relationship between the sheave wheel positioning ring and the bearing and the sheave wheel and the sheave wheel is easy to replace.

(4) Simulation and analysis

Use the finite element analysis software ANSYS to perform static stress analysis on the main stressed components such as the box body, connectors, and nitrogen spring mounting brackets to determine the safety and reliability of the structural design; use the discrete element analysis software EDEM to simulate the working process of the seeding and fertilizer applicator Analyze the distribution and movement of materials in the seeding and fertilizer applicator, and judge the sealing performance of the seeding and fertilizer applicator and the feasibility of structural design.

(5) Comprehensive performance test and evaluation

The corresponding data of fertilization amount are 2.23%, 1.23%, 0.48%, 0.66%, and the corresponding data of fertilization amount are 2.65%, 1.7%, 0.46%, 0.98% respectively; the vehicle-mounted dynamic seeding test on cement road (a few potholes) shows : The relative error and standard deviation of the cumulative sowing amount are 3.52% and 1.14% respectively; within the working range of the sowing and fertilizer applicator, the output power can be 270W, and the default is 82.8W.

The above test results show that the planting and fertilizing integrated machine designed here has better stability in the on-board state; by comparing with the group of existing two-meter wide sowing and fertilizing integrated machines, the planting and fertilizing integrated machine designed here Machine power consumption, with better displacement consistency and stability.

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