温度是影响植物生理过程的重要生态因子之一。当环境温度超出适宜植物生长的温度阈值范围时则会引起胁迫，从而对植物的形态结构、生长发育以及生产力造成不可逆转的损害。近年来，随着人类工业化进程不断加速，温室气体大量排放，极端气候日益增加，温度胁迫预计将对植物生长产生普遍的负面影响。通过增强植物内源性免疫和促进植物健康生长以对抗温度胁迫的策略具有很大的潜力，这种方法不仅可以减少农药和化肥的需求量，还能降低环境污染的风险，是植物保护领域未来发展的重要方向之一。

MIA是从链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）的次生代谢物中分离纯化得到的一种新型天然产物。本研究将结合室内和田间实验，对MIA诱导多种植物抵抗温度胁迫的活性进行评价，并探究MIA预处理在高温胁迫下对黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）的光合系统、渗透调节系统和抗氧化系统的影响，为MIA进一步的研究和应用提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：

1. MIA具有诱导植物抵抗温度胁迫的活性。首先，选择五种热敏感植物为实验材料对MIA诱导抵抗高温胁迫的活性进行评价。其中，在45 ℃高温胁迫条件下，经过MIA预处理后，黑麦草、剪股颖、小麦和鸡毛菜与空白对照组在表型和地上部生物量水平上均出现了显著的差异，表现出优秀的诱抗效果。在42 ℃高温胁迫条件下，MIA对番茄幼苗有较好的诱抗效果，可以提高显著其地上部生物量，降低其热害指数。在-4 ℃低温条件下，MIA对冷敏感植物‘白叶一号’茶树和草莓幼苗也表现出良好的诱抗活性，可以显著提高该茶树的叶绿素荧光参数PIABS和FV/FM，降低草莓幼苗的冷害指数。进一步优化其缓解黑麦草高温热害的应用条件，得出其最佳用药浓度为1000 nM，最佳用药时间为胁迫前2 d，最佳用药频率为24 h内用药两次。

2. MIA处理能够缓解高温胁迫对黑麦草光合系统的伤害。为了进一步探究MIA诱导植物抵抗高温胁迫的光合生理机制，以黑麦草为实验材料，测定了叶绿素含量、快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学OJIP曲线并进行了JIP-test分析。结果显示：（1）MIA预处理显著提高了高温胁迫下黑麦草叶片中的叶绿素a和b的含量。（2）高温胁迫会导致黑麦草叶绿素荧光动力学曲线严重变形，失去O-J-I-P多相瞬态，而MIA预处理则可以缓解这种趋势，提高P点荧光值，维持植物光合系统的稳定性。（3）JIP-test分析发现，高温胁迫导致黑麦草的叶绿素荧光参数FV/FM、PIABS、ETO/CSM、ABS/CSM和φEo显著下降，而ABS/RC、DIO/RC和φDo显著升高，说明高温胁迫导致黑麦草叶片的光系统Ⅱ活性中心受到伤害，光能转换效率和电子传递能力下降。而外源MIA预处理显著提高了黑麦草叶片的FV/FM、PIABS、ETO/CSM、ABS/CSM和φEo，降低了ABS/RC、DIO/RC和φDo，表明在高温胁迫下，MIA预处理可增强PSⅡ反应中心的稳定性，有利于提高黑麦草PSⅡ反应中心的光能转换效率和电子传递链活性，同时减轻高温胁迫对光合作用的抑制，从而提高了黑麦草的光合能力和耐热性。

3. MIA预处理提高了高温胁迫下黑麦草的抗氧化能力。植物渗透调节系统和抗氧化系统与逆境生理密切相关。通过对这些生理指标的测定，我们发现，在高温胁迫下：（1）100 nM MIA预处理缓解了黑麦草叶片的电解质渗漏，显著降低相对电导率和丙二醛含量。（2）1000 nM MIA预处理可以显著提高黑麦草叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量，抑制过量活性氧ROS积累，缓解植株氧化伤害。

4. MIA预处理缓解了田间高温下茶树光合活性的下降。在茶园喷施MIA以抵抗夏季高温胁迫，结果显示浓度为100 nM的MIA诱抗效果最佳，显著缓解了高温对放氧复合体造成的伤害和光系统Ⅱ活性的下降，提高了该茶树的耐热性。

总之，本文对新型天然产物MIA诱导植物抵抗温度胁迫的活性和生理机制进行研究，结果表明MIA在100-1000 nM浓度下具有优秀的诱导植物抗温度胁迫的能力，并通过缓解黑麦草光系统活性的降低幅度和细胞氧化伤害的水平来提高其耐热性，具有开发为植物诱抗剂的潜力。

Temperature is one of the important ecological factors affecting plant physiological process. Stress occurs when the ambient temperature exceeds the temperature threshold range suitable for plant growth. And it will cause irreversible damage to the morphological structure, growth and development as well as productivity of plants. In recent years, as the process of human industrialization continues to accelerate, large amounts of greenhouse gases are emitted and extreme climates are increasing. Now temperature stress is expected to have a general negative impact on plant growth. It has great potential to resist environmental stress by enhancing plant immunity and promoting healthy growth of plants. This method can not only reduce the demand of pesticides and fertilizers, but also reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, techniques to boost plant immunity represent one of the important directions of plant protection in the future.

MIA is a new natural product isolated and purified from the secondary metabolites of the fungus Alternaria alternata. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the activity of MIA in inducing a variety of plants to resist temperature stress in indoor and field, and clarify how it affects the photosynthetic system, osmotic regulation activity and antioxidant capacity of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under high temperature stress. These results will provide theoretical basis and technical support application of MIA in the future.The main results are as follows:

1. MIA has the activity of inducing plants to resist temperature stress. First, five kinds of heat-sensitive plants were used as experimental materials to evaluate the activity of MIA inducing resistance to high temperature stress. The experiment results showed that perennial ryegrass, turfgrass, wheat, and Chinese little greens seedlings pretreated by MIA had obvious differences in phenotype and above-ground biomass compared with that of blank control group when under 45 ℃ high temperature stress. MIA had a good inducement effect on tomato seedlings at 42 ℃, which could increase the above-ground biomass and reduce the heat injury index. MIA also showed good inducing activity to the cold-sensitive plant ‘Baiyeyihao’ tea plant and strawberry seedlings when under -4 ℃ low temperature conditions. It significantly increased the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters PIABS and FV/FM of the tea plant, and reduced the chilling injury index of the strawberry seedlings. In order to explore the best application method, ryegrass was used for further experiments. The results showed that the best concentration was 1000 nM, the best medication time was 2 days before stress, and the best medication frequency was twice within 24 hours.

2. MIA treatment alleviated the damage to photosynthesis system of perennial ryegrass by high temperature stress. In order to further explore the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of MIA inducing plant resistance to high temperature stress, we measured the chlorophyll content, the fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics OJIP curve and analyzed the data by JIP-test. The results showed that: (1) The content of chlorophyll a and b in perennial ryegrass leaves significantly increased after pretreated by MIA under high temperature stress. (2) High temperature stress led to a significant change of fluorescence rise OJIP curve of ryegrass and the fast induction fluorescence rise lost completely the O-J-I-P polyphasic transient. While, after MIA pretreatment, the maximum fluorescence value increased, and the stability of plant photosynthetic organs remained. (3) Based on JIP-test, we found that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters FV/FM, PIABS, ETO/CSM, ABS/CSM and φEo of perennial ryegrass decreased significantly, while ABS/RC, DIO/RC and φDo increased significantly under high temperature stress. This result indicates that the photosystem Ⅱ active center of ryegrass leaves was damaged under high temperature stress, and the light energy conversion efficiency and electron transfer ability decreased. However, the FV/FM, PIABS, ETO/CSM, ABS/CSM and φEo of perennial ryegrass leaves significantly increased after MIA pretreatment, and reduced ABS/RC, DIO/RC and φDo. Such results suggest that MIA pretreatment can enhance the stability of PSⅡ reaction center under high temperature stress, which was beneficial to improve the light energy conversion efficiency and electron transfer chain activity of perennial ryegrass. At the same time, it can reduce the inhibition of photosynthesis under high temperature stress, thereby improving the photosynthetic capacity and heat tolerance of ryegrass.

3. MIA pretreatment enhanced the antioxidant capacity of perennial ryegrass under high temperature stress. Plant osmotic regulation system and antioxidant system are closely related to plant stress physiology. Through the determination of these physiological indicators, we found that under high temperature stress: (1) The leaf electrolyte leakage, relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content in perennial ryegrass reduced after 100 nM MIA pretreatment. (2) 1000 nM MIA pretreatment significantly increased the superoxide dismutase activity and the content of proline in plants, for inhibiting excessive ROS accumulation in perennial ryegrass leaves and alleviating plant oxidative damage.

4. MIA pretreatment alleviated the decrease of photosynthetic activity of tea plants under high temperature in the field. MIA was sprayed in tea garden to resist high temperature stress in summer. The results showed that MIA with the concentration of 100 nM had the best effect of inducing resistance. It significantly alleviated the damage to oxygen evolving complex and the decrease of photosystem II activity caused by high temperature, as well as improving the heat resistance of the tea tree.

In conclusion, this study aimed to clarify the activity and physiological mechanism of MIA, a new natural product, inducing plant resistance to temperature stress. The results show that MIA has excellent ability to induce plant resistance to temperature stress at the concentration of 100-1000 nM. It can enhance the heat resistance of perennial ryegrass by alleviating the decrease of photosystem activity and the level of cell oxidative damage, and has the potential to be developed as plant resistance inducer.

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