在中国农村家庭中父辈为子女提供向下代际支持的现象极为普遍。代际支持是一种重要的非正式制度安排，从方向上可以分为：子女为父辈提供向上的代际支持和父辈为子女提供向下的代际支持。以往研究较为全面地讨论了子女向上的代际支持行为及其影响。但是，父辈向下代际支持对子女的劳动供给也有相当重要的影响。在人口老龄化背景下，青壮年劳动供给不足问题的解决是经济高质量发展的重要保障，关注农村父辈代际支持行为及其影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。

近年来，我国农村社会保障制度快速发展，作为一种正式制度，理论上会对家庭代际支持这一非正式制度产生重要影响。想要正确、全面地理解社会保障供给下农村父辈代际支持行为的一般规律和特点，首先需要认识农村父辈代际支持行为的决策动机。但是，现有文献对于农村父辈向下代际支持行为的动机并未形成一致的结论。现有研究大多通过检验子女收入或父辈养老意愿与父辈代际支持行为之间的关系来验证父辈代际支持的决策动机，这可能会面临比较严重的内生性问题。社会保障的快速发展为检验农村父辈代际支持决策动机的因果关系提供了很好的经验事实。

此外，代际支持对子女劳动供给有重要意义，但是，鲜有研究关注到父辈代际支持对不同家庭成员影响的异质性。父辈代际支持最主要的作用在于替代子女的家庭劳动，缓解子女参与市场劳动面临的时间约束。在“男主外、女主内”的性别分工下，父辈代际支持对子女劳动力市场表现的影响理论上在性别之间也会存在差异。

在人口老龄化和社会保障快速发展的背景下，农村社会保障制度如何影响父辈为子女提供经济支持和时间支持？利他主义动机和代际交换动机在父辈代际支持决策过程是否发挥作用？父辈时间支持和经济支持对农村子女非农劳动供给和劳动收入产生什么样的影响？在“男主外、女主内”的性别分工下，父辈代际支持对子女非农劳动供给的影响是否存在性别差异？这一系列问题的回答需要系统全面的理论分析和科学规范的实证检验。

本研究首先以利他主义理论和代际交换理论为理论基础，构建社会保障供给下父辈代际支持行为决策分析框架，借助社会养老保险制度和社会医疗保险制度的经验事实，考察社会保障制度对父辈代际支持行为的影响及其作用机制，检验和揭示父辈向下代际支持行为的决策动机。进一步，以性别分工理论和劳动供给理论为理论基础，构建纳入父辈代际支持的家庭时间决策分析框架，系统分析了父辈时间支持和经济支持对农村子女非农劳动供给和劳动收入影响的性别差异及作用机制。

在市场化和城镇化进程中，分析城镇父辈的代际支持行为及其对子女劳动供给的影响对于理解未来农村父辈代际支持行为的变化趋势及其影响具有一定的借鉴意义。因此，本文研究的分析均从城乡对比的角度展开。研究利用中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），采用Probit模型、Tobit模型、工具变量法、面板二值选择模型和面板Tobit模型等方法进行实证分析。

本研究的主要结论有：

第一，社会养老保险促进了农村父辈为子女提供时间支持和经济支持。养老金收入通过缓解农村父辈的流动性约束，减少其市场劳动供给，进而有利于父辈为子女提供代际支持。异质性分析结果表明，社会养老保险对农村父辈代际支持行为的促进作用在经济状况较好的家庭中更加明显。城乡对比发现，养老保险增加了城镇父辈经济支持但抑制了其时间支持。这是因为，城镇收入水平高，父辈更加关注自身生活质量，有动机减少时间支持，城镇家政服务市场完善，父辈也有条件减少时间支持。

第二，社会医疗保险促进了农村父辈为子女提供时间支持。机制检验结果表明，社会医疗保险通过降低农村父辈医疗支出和改善身体健康状况，缓解父辈面临的预算约束，进而促进了其为子女提供代际支持。城乡对比发现，社会医疗保险还通过释放城镇父辈医疗服务需求，提高子女养老预期，促进了城镇父辈为子女提供代际支持。

第三，当社会保障制度缓解了农村父辈面临的预算约束时，会促进其为子女提供代际支持，验证了利他主义动机在农村父辈的代际支持行为中显示作用。与农村不同的是，当社会保障制度缓解了城镇父辈面临的预算约束或提高了其子女养老预期时会促进其为子女提供代际支持，验证了利他主义和代际交换的混合动机在城镇父辈代际支持行为中显示作用。

第四，父辈时间支持明显促进了农村女性的非农劳动供给和劳动收入，但没有发现对男性有显著影响，能够缩小劳动收入的性别差距。这主要是因为在“男主外、女主内”的性别分工下，父辈的时间支持主要替代女性的家庭劳动时间，缓解女性参与市场劳动的时间约束，可以促进女性工作时间增加和工作质量提升。此外，本研究未发现父辈经济支持对子女的非农劳动供给和劳动收入有显著影响。

第五，城乡对比发现，父辈时间支持对城镇女性的作用比农村女性更强，一定程度上反映了城镇女性对父辈时间支持的需求更为迫切。这是因为农村地区存在较多的非正规非农工作和农业劳动，这类工作时间弹性较强；而城镇地区女性从事正规工作更多，正规工作的时间弹性较小，女性面临的“家庭-工作”冲突更大。在城镇化进程中，未来女性参与市场劳动可能会面临更强的时间约束，对父辈时间支持的需求也更为迫切。

基于上述结论，本文研究发现，社会养老和医疗保障的发展有利于农村父辈为子女提供代际支持；受传统文化的影响，利他主义动机在农村父辈代际支持行为中发挥了主要作用。由中国传统家庭文化决定的父辈时间支持这样的非正式制度作为正式制度的补充对于促进农村女性劳动力参与劳动市场发挥了重要而积极的作用。然而，可以预期的是，随着社会保障制度完善和城镇化进程加快，传统文化的作用会逐步弱化，而这已经在城镇家庭中表现出来：父辈更加关注自身的生活质量和健康问题，减少对子女的时间支持，这将对女性的劳动参与构成约束和冲击。

据此提出如下建议：第一，进一步完善农村老年人相关的医疗和养老保障制度，不仅可以改进老年人的健康和福利，积极应对农村养老问题；而且还有助于老年人为子女提供更好的代际支持，促进青壮年的劳动供给，有利于经济高质量发展。第二，进一步鼓励和完善家政劳务市场的发展，发展社会化家政服务，为家庭选择社会化服务替代家庭代际支持创造便利和高质量条件。第三，进一步完善针对女性劳动参与权利和相关福利的保障，包括弹性工作时间制、工作期间的生育休假等家庭友好型工作时间制度，保障女性劳动参与和发展权利。

本研究可能有以下三方面的创新：

第一，构建父辈代际支持行为的决策分析框架，全面评估社会养老保险和社会医疗保险对农村家庭父辈代际支持行为的影响，为全面理解社会保障制度的影响提供了新的参考。以往研究主要关注了社会保障的构建和完善对农村父辈健康、劳动供给和福利水平等方面的作用。本文在以往研究的基础上进一步考察了社会保障对父辈向下代际支持行为的影响。研究为理解城镇化进程和社会保障供给增加的背景下农村家庭代际支持行为的变化趋势提供新的参考。

第二，借助社会养老保险和社会医疗保险的经验事实，检验和揭示农村父辈代际支持的决策动机。现有研究大多通过检验子女收入或父辈养老意愿与父辈代际支持之间的关系来验证农村父辈代际支持行为的决策动机，但是，子女收入和父辈养老意愿与父辈代际支持之间有较强的互为因果关系，以此来识别农村父辈代际支持行为的决策动机会面临比较严重的内生性问题。农村社会保障制度的建立和完善为检验农村父辈代际支持决策动机的因果关系提供了很好的经验事实，有助于提升因果关系识别的准确性和有效性。研究有助于理解农村家庭父辈代际支持行为的一般规律和特点，也有助于理解当前文献针对农村父辈代际支持动机研究结论存在的分歧。

第三，丰富了农村家庭时间决策分析框架，纳入父辈代际支持对农村家庭时间约束的缓解作用，揭示了父辈时间支持对农村子女非农劳动供给和劳动收入影响的性别差异及作用机制。以往研究关注了父辈时间支持对子女劳动供给影响的平均效应，但忽略了父辈代际支持作用的性别差异。本研究以性别分工理论和劳动供给理论为基础，构建了纳入父辈代际支持的农村家庭时间决策分析框架，能更加一般化地分析农村家庭的劳动供给行为。此外，研究还将代际支持分为时间支持和经济支持，揭示了时间支持相对经济支持的更大作用，时间支持对女性非农劳动供给和劳动收入的影响更为重要。

It is extremely common for parents to provide intergenerational support for their children in rural Chinese families. It is an important informal institutional arrangement. From the direction, it can be divided into: children provide upward intergenerational support for parents and parents provide downward intergenerational support for children. Previous studies have comprehensively discussed children's upward intergenerational support behaviors and their effects. However, downward intergenerational support from parents also has a very important impact on the labor supply of children. In the context of population aging, solving the problem of insufficient labor supply for young adults is an important guarantee for high-quality economic development. It has important theoretical and practical significance to pay attention to the intergenerational support behavior of rural parents and its influence.

In recent years, the social security system in rural areas has developed rapidly. As a formal system, in theory, it will have an important impact on the informal system of family intergenerational support. In order to correctly and comprehensively understand the general laws and characteristics of intergenerational support behaviors of rural parents under the provision of social security, we must first understand the decision-making motivations of rural parents' intergenerational support behaviors. However, the existing literature does not reach a consistent conclusion on the motivation of rural parents' down-generation support behavior. Most of the existing studies test the decision-making motivation of parents' intergenerational support by examining the relationship between children's income or parents' willingness to support and parents' intergenerational support behavior, which may face serious endogeneity problems.

In addition, intergenerational support is of great significance to the labor supply of children. However, few studies have focused on the heterogeneity of the effects of parental intergenerational support on different family members. The main role of parental intergenerational support is to replace children's family labor and ease the time constraints faced by children in participating in market labor. Under the gender division of labor that "males take the lead outside and females take the lead inside", the impact of parental intergenerational support on children's labor market performance will theoretically differ between genders.

Why is the labor force participation rate of women at a relatively high level for a long time in China, where the gender division of labor has been held for a long time, and the gender wage gap is also lower than in many countries with a weaker gender division of labor? How to explain the declining labor force participation rate of Chinese women and the widening gender wage gap in recent years? In Chinese culture, the long-standing tradition of intergenerational support from parents to children may be an important guarantee for alleviating the constraints of female labor supply. However, in the process of marketization and urbanization, with the improvement of income levels and the improvement of the social security system, such traditional culture will gradually weaken. Parents will pay more and more attention to their own quality of life and provide intergenerational support for their children. Behaviors are also changing, which can impact and constrain women's participation in market labor.

Based on the theory of altruism and the theory of intergenerational exchange, this study firstly examines the impact of the social security system on the intergenerational support behavior of parents and its mechanism with the help of the empirical facts of the social endowment insurance system and the social medical insurance system. The decision-making motivation of parent-to-below intergenerational support behavior. Further, based on the theory of gender division of labor and labor supply theory, a framework for family time decision-making that incorporates intergenerational support from parents is constructed, and the gender differences in the impact of parental time support and economic support on rural children's non-agricultural labor supply and labor income are systematically analyzed. and mechanism of action.

In the process of marketization and urbanization, analyzing the intergenerational support behavior of urban parents and its impact on children's labor supply has certain reference significance for understanding the changing trend and impact of intergenerational support behavior of rural parents in the future. Therefore, the analysis in this paper is carried out from the perspective of urban-rural contrast. The research uses the data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), and uses the Probit model, the Tobit model, the instrumental variable method, the panel binary selection model and the panel Tobit model to conduct empirical analysis.

The main conclusions of this study are:

Firstly. Social endowment insurance promotes rural parents to provide time support and economic support for their children. By easing the mobility constraints of rural parents, pension income reduces their market labor supply, which in turn helps parents provide intergenerational support for their children. Heterogeneity analysis results show that the impact of social endowment insurance on the intergenerational support behavior of rural parents is more pronounced in families with better economic status. The comparison between urban and rural areas shows that old-age insurance increases the economic support of urban parents but inhibits their time support. This is because the urban income level is high, the parents are more concerned about their own quality of life, and they are motivated to reduce time support. The urban domestic service market is perfect, and the parents also have the conditions to reduce time support.

Secondly. Social medical insurance plays a significant role in promoting the rural parents to provide intergenerational support for their children. The results of the mechanism test show that social medical insurance alleviates the budget constraints faced by parents by reducing the medical expenditures of rural parents and improving their physical health, thereby promoting the provision of intergenerational support for their children. A comparison between urban and rural areas shows that social medical insurance also promotes urban parents to provide intergenerational support for their children by releasing urban parents’ demand for medical services and increasing their children’s pension expectations.

Thirdly, when the social security system eases the budget constraints faced by rural parents, it will facilitate them to provide intergenerational support for their children, which verifies that altruistic motivation exists in the intergenerational support behavior of rural parents. Unlike in rural areas, when the social security system eases the budget constraints faced by urban parents or increases their children’s pension expectations, it promotes the provision of intergenerational support for their children, verifying that the mixed motivation of altruism and intergenerational exchange exists in urban areas. Intergenerational support behavior of parents.

Fourth, parental time support significantly boosted rural women's off-farm labor supply and labor income, but did not find a significant impact on men. This is mainly because under the gender division of labor that "males take charge of the outside world and females take charge of the inside", the time support of the parents mainly replaces the family labor time of women, which relieves the time constraints of women's participation in labor, which can increase women's working hours and improve the quality of women's work. In addition, this study did not find that parental financial support had a significant impact on off-farm labor supply and labor income of children.

Fifth, the comparison between urban and rural areas shows that the effect of parental time support on urban women is stronger than that of rural women, which to a certain extent reflects that urban women have a more urgent need for parental time support. This is because there are more informal non-agricultural work and agricultural labor in rural areas, and this kind of work time is more flexible; while women in urban areas are engaged in more formal work, the time flexibility of formal work is less, and women face the "family- work” conflict is greater. In the process of urbanization, women's participation in market labor may face stronger time constraints in the future, and the need for parental time support is also more urgent.

Based on the above conclusions, we can find that the development of social pension and medical security is conducive to rural parents to provide intergenerational support for their children; influenced by traditional culture, altruism motives play a major role in rural parents' intergenerational support behavior. The informal system of parental time support determined by traditional Chinese family culture, as a supplement to the formal system, has played an important and positive role in promoting rural female labor force participation in the labor market. However, it can be expected that with the improvement of the social security system and the acceleration of urbanization, the role of traditional culture will gradually weaken, and this has already been shown in urban families: parents pay more attention to their own quality of life and health issues, and reduce Children's time support, which will restrict and impact women's labor participation.

Based on this, the following suggestions are put forward: First, to further improve the medical care and old-age security system related to the elderly in rural areas, not only can improve the health and welfare of the elderly, and actively respond to rural old-age problems; but also help the elderly provide better care for their children Intergenerational support to promote labor supply for young and middle-aged people is conducive to high-quality economic development. Second, further encourage and improve the development of the domestic labor market, develop socialized domestic services, and create convenient and high-quality conditions for families to choose socialized services instead of family intergenerational support. Third, further improve the protection of women's labor participation rights and related benefits, including flexible working hours, maternity leave during work and other family-friendly working time systems, to protect women's labor participation and development rights.

There are three possible innovations in this research:

Firstly, to construct a decision-making analysis framework for parents' intergenerational support behavior, and comprehensively evaluate the impact of social endowment insurance and social medical insurance on parents' intergenerational support behavior of rural families, providing a new reference for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of social security system. Previous studies mainly focused on the improvement of social security in rural fathers' health, labor supply and welfare level. Based on previous studies, this paper further focuses on the influence of social security on parental downward intergenerational support behavior. This study provides a new reference for understanding the changing trend of rural families' intergenerational support behavior under the background of urbanization process and the increase of social security supply.

Secondly, construct a decision-making analysis framework for the intergenerational support behavior of parents, and test and reveal the motivation of intergenerational support of parents with the help of the empirical facts of social endowment insurance and social medical insurance. The rapid development of rural social security provides a good empirical fact for testing the causal relationship of rural parents' intergenerational support for decision-making motivation, and helps to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of causal relationship identification. The research will help to understand the general laws and characteristics of the intergenerational support behavior of rural parents, and also help to understand the differences in the current literature on the research conclusions of the rural parents' intergenerational support motivation.

Thirdly, the analysis framework of rural families' time decision is enriched, and the alleviating effect of parents' intergenerational support on rural families' time constraint is included, revealing the gender difference and mechanism of fathers' time support on rural children's off-farm labor supply and labor income. Previous studies focused on the average effect of parents' time support on children's labor supply, but ignored the gender difference of parents' intergenerational support. Based on the theory of gender division of labor and labor supply, this study constructs an analysis framework of rural families' time decision making with the intergenerational support of their parents, which can more generally analyze the labor supply behavior of rural families. In addition, the intergenerational support is divided into time support and economic support, revealing that time support has a greater effect than economic support, and time support has a more important impact on female non-agricultural labor supply and labor income.

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