践行绿水青山就是金山银山理论，关键在于建立和创新生态产品价值的实现机制，这是其重要途径和实践探索，对于推动高质量发展与生态环境协同共进具有示范意义。南京市作为长江经济带重要中心城市和江苏省首批生态文明试验和生态产品价值实现试点地区，不仅是长三角生态绿色一体化发展的重要节点，同时在践行生态文明建设走在全省前列。但各地区在积极探索过程中，仍然存在交易机制不健全、资源家底不清、投资时间过长且收益形式单一等问题，亟待进一步开展相关研究，以期为全国范围内的生态产品价值实现机制的建立健全提供“南京方案”。

本文聚焦生态产品价值实现问题，遵循“是什么-怎么样-为什么-怎么做”的逻辑主线，对生态产品价值实现的概念内涵与理论分析框架、核算体系与现状水平、影响因素与实践路径等进行了探索性研究，试图回应生态产品价值实现过程中的关键问题。通过多案例的梳理、政策的量化分析、固定效应模型与超效率SBM-Malmquist指数模型结果，了解不同生态产品价值实现路径的内在运行机制差异、成效及问题，对于指导国内其他地区生态产品价值实现工作的顺利开展和政策优化改进具有重要研究意义。本文形成了以下研究结论：

（1）本研究对生态产品的相关概念进行了明确界定，是指在自然环境可承受的范围内，生态系统为人类社会福祉所提供的各种产品及最终的服务成效。这些产出和服务，是自然演化进程与人类社会经济活动相互交织、共同作用的结晶。其次，将生态产品划分为三大类，分别为生态经济类产品、生态权益类产品以及生态公共类产品。同时，从生态产品价值实现的生产环节、市场交易环节及消费利用环节等关键节点出发，深入探讨了如何综合、灵活地运用这三种价值实现模式，以有效地推动生态产品的价值实现活动，促进生态与经济的和谐发展。

（2）2010年至2020年间，南京市生态产品的总价值量整体呈现稳步增长的趋势，但在2015年至2020年阶段略有回落。具体来看，物质产品的价值增长速度相对平稳；调节服务产品始终在生态产品价值中占据主导地位；而文化服务产品的地位则日益 凸显，其价值增长势头强劲。从地域分布的特征来看，各地区的生态产品价值增长展现出了一种由城市中心区域向周边外围地带逐步延伸的扩张态势。然而，某些起初在价值实现方面具备良好基础的区域，在后续持续的价值实现进程中却显得动力不足，缺乏持续的推动力。

（3）生态产品价值实现当前是以政府为主导推动的，同时价值是实现的基础，因此，本研究从政府政策推动及社会经济与自然等影响因素角度，对生态产品价值实现影响因素进行探究。结果表明研究区三种价值实现典型路径相关的政策PMC指数均值均表现良好，这表明这些政策在整体上较为全面且合理。然而，现行政策在激励机制与约束机制方面存在明显的不足与待完善之处。究其原因，主要在于政府虽积极倡导并鼓励社会资本投入生态修复领域，缺乏有效的激励策略来激发社会主体参与积极性；同时，对下级政府的约束力度不足，导致政府在生态产品价值实现中的主体作用未能充分发挥。这一现状进而致使部分地区生态产品价值实现机制的运行效果不佳，未能取得预期成效。再者，依据固定效应模型回归结果分析，从社会经济与自然角度综合考量，经济发展状况、区位交通优势、产业结构特征、降水量分布以及日照时数差异等因素，均对生态产品价值具有显著影响。此外，借助超效率SBM-Malmquist指数模型开展实证测算发现，南京市各区域单元的生态产品价值转化效率呈现出波动上升的发展趋势，且这种转化效率在时间和空间维度上表现出明显的异质性。

（4）通过对实地调研结果的深入分析，进一步剖析了南京市相关典型案例在生态产品价值实现过程中的实践经验与有效做法。同时，识别出存在的突出问题，包括物质产品的经营管理不善、激励措施的不够完善、收益形式的过于单一以及开发模式的同质化现象严重等。

（5）本文基于理论分析与实证研究，围绕生态产品的生产、交易及消费三大核心环节，系统构建了生态产品价值实现的综合框架，并着重指出，在政府主导责任落实的前提下，各实施路径需协同联动、综合施策。在制度设计层面，本文创新性地提出构建自然资源生态产品特许经营体系，并深化确权登记制度在生态价值转化中的应用实践，为南京市生态产品价值实现机制的健全与完善提供制度支撑。针对生态经济型产品，构建高效生产体系是核心要义，需从加速品牌化进程、拓展市场流通网络、创新经营管理模式三方面协同发力，精准对接消费者绿色消费需求，引领消费新趋势。对于资源依托型生态产品，需强化生态保护与修复力度，严格管控标准，明晰产权关系，构建科学评估体系，完善生态补偿机制，并推动政策体系迭代升级，以实现生态资源的可持续利用。自然及生态权益类商品，需重点加强基础设施网络建设，构建全方位保障体系，促进产业协同与跨界融合，探索多元化发展路径，创新旅游产品供给模式，以此拓展生态消费市场的广度与深度，形成生态产品价值实现的良性循环。

The key to practicing the theory that clear water and green mountains are gold and silver mountains is to establish and innovate the realization mechanism of the value of ecological products, which is an important approach and practical exploration, and has demonstration significance for promoting high-quality development and ecological environment coordination. Nanjing, as an important central city of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the first batch of pilot areas for ecological civilization experiment and value realization of ecological products in Jiangsu Province, is not only an important node for the ecological and green integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, but also at the forefront of the implementation of ecological civilization construction in the province. However, in the process of active exploration in various regions, there are still problems such as imperfect trading mechanism, unclear resource base, too long investment time and single income form, etc. It is urgent to further carry out relevant research, in order to provide a "Nanjing solution" for the establishment and improvement of the value realization mechanism of ecological products across the country.

This paper focuses on the value realization of ecological products, following the logic line of "what-what-how", and conducts exploratory research on the conceptual connotation and theoretical analysis framework, accounting system and current level, influencing factors and practice path of the value realization of ecological products, in an attempt to respond to the key issues in the process of the value realization of ecological products. Through the combing of multiple cases and the quantitative analysis of policies, understanding the differences in the internal operating mechanisms, effects and problems of the value realization paths of different ecological products has important research significance for guiding the smooth development of the value realization work of ecological products in other regions of China and policy optimization and improvement. The following conclusions are drawn:

 (1) This study clearly defines the relevant concepts of ecological products, which refer to the various products and final service effects provided by ecological systems for the well-being of human society within the tolerable range of the natural environment. These outputs and services are the crystallization of the interweaving and interaction between the process of natural evolution and the economic activities of human society. Secondly, ecological products are divided into three categories, which are ecological economic products, ecological rights and interests products and ecological public products. At the same time, starting from the key nodes of the value realization of ecological products, such as production link, market transaction link and consumption link, this paper deeply discusses how to use these three value realization modes comprehensively and flexibly, so as to effectively promote the value realization activities of ecological products and promote the harmonious development of ecology and economy.

(2) From 2010 to 2020, the total value of ecological products in Nanjing showed a steady growth trend, but it dropped slightly from 2015 to 2020. Specifically, the growth rate of the value of material products is relatively stable; Regulation service products always occupy a dominant position in the value of ecological products. The status of cultural service products is increasingly prominent, and its value growth momentum is strong. From the characteristics of regional distribution, the value growth of ecological products in various regions shows a gradual expansion trend from the urban center to the peripheral areas. However, some regions that initially had a good foundation in value realization were underpowered and lacked sustained impetus in the subsequent sustained value realization process.

 (3) The results of policy factors affecting the value of ecological products show that the average value of the PMC index related to the three typical value realization paths in the study area all perform well, which indicates that these policies are relatively comprehensive and reasonable on the whole. However, the current policy has obvious shortcomings and needs to be improved in the aspects of incentive mechanism and constraint mechanism. The main reason is that although the government actively advocates and encourages social capital to invest in the field of ecological restoration, it lacks effective incentive strategies to stimulate the enthusiasm of social subjects. At the same time, the restriction on the lower level government is insufficient, resulting in the government's main role in the realization of the value of ecological products can not be fully played. This situation leads to the poor operation effect of the mechanism of realizing the value of ecological products in some areas and fails to achieve the expected results. Furthermore, according to the regression analysis of the fixed effect model, from the perspective of social economy and nature, factors such as economic development status, location and transportation advantages, industrial structure characteristics, precipitation distribution and sunshine duration difference all have significant effects on the value of ecological products. In addition, using the super-efficiency SBM-Malmquist index model to carry out empirical calculation, it was found that the value conversion efficiency of ecological products in various regional units in Nanjing showed a trend of fluctuation and increase, and this transformation efficiency showed obvious heterogeneity in time and space.

(4) Through the in-depth analysis of the field investigation results, the practical experience and effective practices of relevant typical cases in Nanjing in the process of realizing the value of ecological products are further analyzed. At the same time, the prominent problems are identified, including poor management of material products, imperfect incentive measures, too single form of income and serious homogenization of development mode.

(5) Based on theoretical analysis and empirical research, this paper systematically constructs a comprehensive framework for realizing the value of ecological products by focusing on the three core links of production, trading and consumption of ecological product. At the level of system design, this paper innovatively proposes to build a franchise system of natural resources ecological products, and deepen the application and practice of the registration system of rights confirmation in the transformation of ecological value, so as to provide institutional support for the perfection and improvement of the realization mechanism of ecological products value in Nanjing. For eco-economic products, building an efficient production system is the core, and it is necessary to make concerted efforts from three aspects: accelerating the branding process, expanding the market circulation network, and innovating the operation and management mode, accurately docking the green consumption needs of consumers, and leading the new trend of consumption. For resource-dependent ecological products, it is necessary to strengthen ecological protection and restoration, strictly control standards, clarify the property rights relationship, build a scientific evaluation system, improve the ecological compensation mechanism, and promote the iterative upgrading of the policy system to achieve sustainable use of ecological resources. For natural and ecological rights and interests commodities, it is necessary to focus on strengthening infrastructure network construction, building a comprehensive security system, promoting industrial synergy and cross-border integration, exploring diversified development paths, and innovating the supply mode of tourism products, so as to expand the breadth and depth of the ecological consumption market and form a virtuous cycle of realizing the value of ecological products.

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