大豆是世界上重要的粮油作物之一，2024年占全球油料作物产量的63%和全球植物油总消耗量的24.9%。大豆油以棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸为主要组分（占比≥98%），是优质植物油脂的重要来源。提高大豆种子油脂含量是大豆品质遗传改良育种的重要目标之一。然而，油脂含量作为多基因调控的数量性状，其合成代谢的遗传网络尚未完全阐明。因此挖掘大豆中调控油脂含量的关键基因，解析其分子遗传调控机制，能够加深人们对大豆油脂合成代谢的理论认知，同时挖掘优异等位变异，能够为培育高油大豆新品种（系）提供重要的理论依据和种质资源。

本研究利用303份大豆自然种质，调查其种子油脂含量表型。结合重测序数据进行全基因组关联分析，在8号染色体上定位到一个和大豆油脂含量联系紧密的新位点，命名为Oil8。通过LD Block分析和突变体种子油份检测筛选出一个控制油脂含量的最佳候选基因GmOIL8。通过CRISPR/Cas9技术，创制了GmOIL8及其重复基因GmOIL5的大豆功能缺失突变体，为解析二者调控油脂合成的分子机制提供了材料基础。本文主要结论如下：

1．303份大豆自然种质种子油脂含量的特点及优异种质资源的鉴定

通过近红外法测定173份大豆地方品种与130份大豆栽培品种2023-2024年种子油脂含量，结果显示：303份大豆自然种质的种子油脂含量变异幅度为12.49%–25.09%，其中地方品种的种子油脂平均含量为17.93%，栽培品种的种子油脂含量为19.29%。表明经过长期的大豆改良（从地方品种到栽培品种），籽粒油脂含量在栽培品种中存在提高的趋势。本研究依据两年表型数据平均值鉴定出3份高油脂含量（≥22.5%）的大豆种质，为高油育种提供了核心亲本材料。

2. GmOIL8 是大豆中控制种子油脂含量的最佳候选基因

基于群体重测序数据（平均测序深度为10.2×），采用全基因组关联分析在8号染色体定位到与大豆种子油脂含量显著关联的新位点Oil8。连锁不平衡（LD block）分析显示，Oil8紧密连锁区间为8.191-8.623 Mb，该区域覆盖21个候选基因。借助大豆突变体库种子，比较包含各候选基因变异的突变体的种子油脂含量。发现仅有包含Glyma.08G-1（GmOIL8）基因提前终止的大豆种子在两年的田间试验中收获的种子油脂含量显著低于同期同地块的W82（P<0.05），表明GmOIL8可能为调控油脂含量的关键基因。

单倍型分析进一步显示，发现携有Chr8_8306163-G的自然群体种子含有较高的油脂含量，且在栽培品种中的比例高于地方品种，表明该位点可能在改良过程中受到选择且与籽粒油脂含量显著相关。功能注释表明，GmOIL8编码天冬氨酸激酶蛋白，参与氨基酸生物合成途径，可能通过影响氨基酸含量导致大豆种子的油脂含量和蛋白质含量发生变化，因此选择其作为大豆中控制种子油脂含量的最佳候选基因。

3. GmOIL8及其重复基因GmOIL5缺失突变体的创制

通过Phytozome v13数据库发现GmOIL8其存在一个重复基因GmOIL5。两者氨基酸序列一致性为97.82%，氨基酸序列相似性为98.47%。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术和根癌农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化法构建了GmOIL8及其重复基因GmOIL5的功能缺失突变体，成功获得T0代编辑植株，为后续功能验证（如T1-T3代表型鉴定）奠定了材料基础。

综上，本研究系统解析了大豆籽粒油脂含量的遗传基础，为大豆油脂性状的分子设计育种提供关键基因资源与理论支持，并为高油大豆品种的选育提供种质资源。

Soybean is one of the world's important grain and oil crops, accounting for 63% of global oil crop production and 24.9% of global vegetable oil consumption in 2024. Soybean oil mainly consists of five fatty acids: palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid (accounting for ≥98%), serving as an important source of high-quality vegetable oil. Increasing soybean seed oil content is one of the important goals in genetic improvement and breeding for soybean quality. However, as a quantitative trait regulated by multiple genes, the genetic network of oil content anabolic metabolism has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, mining key genes regulating oil content in soybeans and analyzing their molecular genetic regulatory mechanisms can deepen theoretical understanding of soybean oil anabolic metabolism, while mining excellent allelic variations can provide important theoretical basis and germplasm resources for the cultivation of new high-oil soybean varieties (lines).

This study utilized 303 natural soybean populations to investigate their seed oil content phenotypes. Combined with resequencing data, genome-wide association analysis was performed to identify a new locus closely associated with soybean oil content on chromosome 8, named Oil8. Through LD block analysis and oil content detection of mutant seeds, the best candidate gene GmOIL8 controlling oil content was screened. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, loss-of-function mutants of GmOIL8 and its duplicate gene GmOIL5 in soybeans were created, providing material basis for analyzing the molecular mechanism by which the two regulate oil synthesis. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:

1. Characteristics of seed oil content and identification of excellent germplasm resources in 303 natural soybean populations
    Seed oil contents of 173 soybean landraces and 130 soybean cultivars from 2023 to 2024 were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that the variation range of seed oil content in the 303 natural soybean populations was 12.49%–25.09%, with the average seed oil content of landraces being 17.93% and that of cultivars being 19.29%. This indicates that through long-term soybean improvement (from landraces to cultivars), there is a trend of increasing seed oil content in cultivars. Based on the average of two-year phenotypic data, 3 soybean germplasms with high oil content (≥22.5%) were identified, providing core parental materials for high-oil breeding.

2.GmOIL8 is the best candidate gene controlling soybean seed oil content

Based on population resequencing data (average sequencing depth of 10.2×), a new locus Oil8 significantly associated with soybean seed oil content was identified on chromosome 8 using genome-wide association analysis. Linkage disequilibrium (LD block) analysis showed that the tightly linked interval of Oil8 was 8.191-8.623 Mb, covering 21 candidate genes. By comparing the seed oil content of mutants containing variations in each candidate gene using soybean mutant library seeds, it was found that only soybean seeds containing premature termination of the Glyma.08G-1 (GmOIL8) gene had significantly lower seed oil content in seeds harvested from two-year field trials compared to W82 in the same plot during the same period (P<0.05), indicating that GmOIL8 may be a key gene regulating oil content.

Haplotype analysis further showed that natural population seeds carrying Chr8_8306163-G had higher oil content, and their proportion in cultivars was higher than in landraces, indicating that this locus may have been selected during improvement and is significantly associated with seed oil content. Functional annotation showed that GmOIL8 encodes an aspartate kinase protein involved in the amino acid biosynthetic pathway, which may affect soybean seed oil and protein content by influencing amino acid levels, thus selecting it as the best candidate gene controlling soybean seed oil content.

3.Functional verification of GmOIL8 and its duplicate gene GmOIL5

A duplicate gene GmOIL5 of GmOIL8 was found through the Phytozome v13 database. The amino acid sequence identity and similarity between the two were 97.82% and 98.47%, respectively. In this study, loss-of-function mutants of GmOIL8 and its duplicate gene GmOIL5 were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated cotyledonary node transformation method, successfully obtaining T0 generation edited plants, laying a material foundation for subsequent functional verification (e.g., T1-T3 generation phenotypic identification).

In summary, this study systematically elucidated the genetic basis of soybean seed oil content, providing key gene resources and theoretical support for molecular design breeding of soybean oil traits, and germplasm resources for the breeding of high-oil soybean varieties.

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