无核葡萄在鲜食和制干葡萄市场中占有重要地位，也是目前葡萄育种的重要发展方向。无核标记可以在葡萄幼苗期对候选的无核株系进行高效检测，有效的排除有核后代，提高无核葡萄育种效率。无核葡萄根据其来源分为天然单性结实、刺激性单性结实和假单性结实三种无核类型。本研究通过对比不同无核类型葡萄发育过程中果粒和胚珠的形态学指标和外观形态特征差异，旨在探索葡萄无核发育过程中相关的无核基因及其潜在分子标记；同时，通过对已知无核标记SCC8、SCF27、SCP18、39970524-5、39970524-6、GSLP1探针、VMC7F2、P1_VvAGL11、P2_VvAGL11、P3_VvAGL11以及VvSD10在无核群体和自然群体中进行验证，综合评价无核标记的检测效率，以期找到无核检出效率高的高效分子标记。基于已知高效分子标记的位置信息和葡萄转录组数据，分析高效标记的序列特征及其与无核基因连锁关系，结合本研究前期筛选得无核基因，开发新无核标记，再利用已知葡萄群体验证新无核标记的检出效率，同时通过新无核标记预测葡萄杂交群体中的无核株系。主要研究结果如下：

• 通过对不同无核类型葡萄发育过程中胚珠、果粒的形态学指标和外观形态特征的观察比较和分析，发现假单性结实残核品种‘京可晶’和软核品种‘京早晶’分别在花后30天和35天开始败育，表现出体积变小、颜色褐化、发育不对称等特点，在花后44天两者的畸形胚珠率达到90%及以上；三倍体品种‘8611’和GA3处理的‘藤稔’胚珠在花后15天体积开始缩小，颜色褐化，珠被凹陷，在花后25天两者的畸形胚珠率就超过50%。种子败育葡萄品种‘京可晶’、‘大无核紫’、‘京早晶’、‘无核白鸡心’胚珠质量变化呈先升后降趋势，三倍体品种‘沪培1号’、‘8611’和GA3处理后的‘藤稔’和‘白罗莎里奥’的胚珠在发育早期质量略微波动，之后逐渐下降；无核品种胚珠的纵横径显著低于有核品种，并呈不断下降的趋势；相关性分析显示无核葡萄胚珠的纵横径、质量与畸形胚珠率呈显著的负相关，且不同无核类型葡萄的无核性状形成差异，反映出不同无核类型葡萄的无核机制及其无核基因可能不同。
• 利用已知的分子标记SCC8、SCF27、SCP18、39970524-5、39970524-6、GSLP1探针，以及SSR标记VMC7F2、P1_VvAGL11、P2_VvAGL11、P3_VvAGL11、VvSD10标记在无核群体和自然群体中开展无核检出效率的验证。结果显示无核群体中SCF27和39970524-5的无核分型正确率（存在目的大小的特异性条带且表现为无核的葡萄植株个数/表现为无核的葡萄植株个数×100）最高为90.91%；对于不同无核类型葡萄，残核和三倍体品种中SCF27和39970524-5标记的无核分型正确率达100%，软核品种中39970524-6最高为100%，欧美和欧亚种中检测效率最高的均为SCF27和39970524-5标记；在自然群体中，SCF27的无核分型正确率和无核保持率（存在目的大小的特异性条带的植株个数/葡萄植株总数×100）最高；39970524-5的无核检测率（存在目的大小的特异性条带且表现为无核的葡萄植株个数/存在目的大小的特异性条带的植株个数×100）最高；SSR标记P1_VvAGL11、P2_VvAGL11、P3_VvAGL11三个标记在无核群体和自然群体中均扩增出较稳定的多态性位点，其中，P1_VvAGL11等位基因数最小为2，多态性信息量PIC分别为0.348和0.334。P1_VvAGL11扩增结果显示，不同无核类型葡萄和自然群体的无核品种中，杂合基因型ab的频率最高，自然群体的有核品种中，BB的基因型频率最高为70.18%。综合分析表明SCF27、39970524-5和P1_VvAGL11在验证群体中对葡萄无核性状的验证效果更好。
• 利用网上GA-藤稔（GA3处理）和CK-藤稔（清水处理）的种子/核区的转录组数据，使用K-means对差异基因进行聚类分析，筛选到与无核基因VvAGL11表达趋势相似的41个基因；将41个基因与已开发标记附近1Kb 的位置范围内的1261个基因进行比对，筛选到一个与种胚败育相关的无核候选基因VvMETK5（VIT_07s0005g02230）。近一步比对清水/GA3处理‘藤稔’测序数据中VvMETK5基因启动子上的SSR位点，开发了P1_VvMETK5的新分子标记。利用无核群体和有核群体验证P1_VvMETK5对无核性状的检出效率。结果显示，在无核群体和自然群体的无核品种中，杂合基因型频率分别为50%和57.70%，自然群体的有核品种中纯合基因型AA频率最高，为78.95%。利用新开发P1_VvMETK5标记和前期鉴定的高效SCAR标记对新杂交群体进行无核植株的鉴定，结果显示编号为1，2，3，4，5和17的个体在三种标记的检测下，均被预测为无核植株，编号为6，8，9，10，12，13，16，18的个体只在一种或两种标记中被检测到，但根据聚类分析的结果，显示编号为6，10，12的植株与预测为无核的个体具有较近的亲缘关系，推测编号6，10，12的个体也可能具有无核性状；表明多种标记的配合使用可扩大无核植株的预测范围，提高对无核植株的检测效率。

Seedless grape plays an important role in the fresh and dry grape market, and it is also an important development direction of grape breeding. Seedless markers can effectively detect seedless grape lines at seedling stage, effectively exclude seedless progenies, and accelerate seedless grape breeding process. Seedless grapes can be divided into three types: parthenocarpy, triploid and seed abortion. In this study, we compared the morphological indexes and morphological characteristics of fruit grains and ovules of different seedless types of grapes, in order to explore the seedless genes and potential molecular markers related to seedless development of grapes; meanwhile, we analyzed and evaluated the known seedless markers SCC8, SCF27, SCP18, 39970524-5, 39970524-6, GSLP1 probe, VMC7F2, P1_VvAGL11、P2_VvAGL11、P3_VvAGL11 and VvSD10 were verified in the seedless population and natural population to comprehensively evaluate the detection efficiency of seedless markers, in order to find high efficient molecular markers. Based on the location information of known high-efficiency molecular markers and grape sequencing data, the sequence characteristics of high-efficiency markers and their linkage with seedless genes were analyzed. Combined with the screening of seedless genes in the early stage of this study, new seedless markers were developed, and then the detection efficiency of new seedless markers was verified by using known grape populations. At the same time, the seedless lines in grape hybrid populations were predicted by new seedless markers. The main results are as follows:

• Through the observation, comparison and analysis of the morphological indexes and appearance characteristics of ovules and berries of different seedless grape types, it was found that the residual core variety 'Jingkejing' and the soft core variety 'Jingzaojing' began to abortion at 30 and 35 days after flowering, respectively, showing the characteristics of smaller size, browning color and asymmetric development. The abnormal ovule rate of both varieties reached 90% at 44 days after flowering. The ovules of triploid '8611' and 'Fujiminori' treated with GA3 began to shrink in size and brown in color at 15 days after flowering, and the integument depression deepened further, and the ovules became shriveled. The abnormal ovule rate of both varieties was more than 50% at 25 days after flowering. The ovule quality of triploid varieties 'Hupei 1', '8611' and GA3-treated 'Fujiminori' and 'Rasoria bianco' fluctuated slightly at the early stages of development, and then decreased gradually; the ovule diameter of seedless varieties was significantly lower. Correlation analysis showed that the vertical and horizontal diameter and quality of seedless grape ovules were significantly negatively correlated with the rate of malformed ovules, and the formation of seedless traits in different seedless types of grapes was different, which reflected that the seedless mechanism and seedless genes of different seedless types of grapes may be different.
• Using the known molecular markers SCC8, SCF27, SCP18, 39970524-5, 39970524-6, GSLP1 probe, and VMC7F2, P1_VvAGL11、P2_VvAGL11、P3_ VvAGL11 and VvSD10 to verify the detection efficiency of seedless population and natural population. The results showed that the correct genotyping rates of SCF27 and 39970524-5 in seedless population were the highest (90.91%); for different seedless types of grapes, the accuracy of seedless classification of SCF27 and 39970524-5 in residual seeded and triploid varieties were highest, and that of 39970524-6 in soft seeded varieties was 100%, and that of SCF27 and 39970524-5 in Vitis vinifera×Vitis labruscana and Vitis vinifera were the highest. The results showed that SCF27 and 39970524-5 had the highest accuracy and maintenance rate of seedless typing in the natural population; 39970524-5 had the highest detection rate of seedless typing; SSR markers P1_VvAGL11、P2_VvAGL11、P3_VvAGL11 all amplified stable polymorphic loci in the validation population, among which P1_VvAGL11 was the most stable in the validation population. among which P1 was the most stable in the validation population. Among them, the minimum number of alleles of P1 _VvAGL11 was 2, and the information quantity of polymorphism（PIC）of P1 _VvAGL11 among seedless population and natural population were 0.348 and 0.344, respectively. The results of P1_VvAGL11 amplification showed that the frequency of heterozygous genotype AB was the highest in different seedless types of seedless population and seedless varieties of natural population, and he frequency of BB genotype was the highest in seeded varieties of natural population. Comprehensive analysis showed that SCF27, 39970524-5 and P1_VvAGL11 had better verification effect on seedless character in verification population.
• Based on the transcriptome datas of seed/nuclear region of 'Fujimino' grape treated with water/GA3, 41 genes with similar expression trend to seedless gene VvAGL11 were screened by K-means clustering analysis. A candidate gene VvMETK5（VIT_07s0005g02230）related to seed embryo abortion was screened by comparing those 41 genes with 1261 genes near the developed markers. In the next step, we compared the SSR sites on the promoter of VvMETK5 gene in the sequencing data of 'Fujimino' treated with water/GA3, and developed a new molecular marker named P1_VvMETK5. Using P1_VvMETK5 to detect seedless traits in seedless population and natural population. The results showed that the frequency of heterozygous genotype was 50% in seedless population and 57.70% in natural population. The frequency of homozygous genotype was 78.95% in natural population. Using P1_VvMETK5 and high efficiency SCAR markers identified seedless plants in new hybrid population, the results showed that the individuals numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 17 were predicted to be seedless plants under the detection of three markers, and the individuals numbered 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16 and 18 were only detected in one or two markers. The plants numbered 6,10,12 had close genetic relationship with the individuals predicted to be seedless, and it was speculated that individuals numbered 6,10,12 might also have seedless traits, which indicated that the combined use of multiple markers could expand the prediction range of seedless plants and improve the detection efficiency of seedless plants

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