小麦遗传育种及基础研究的重要目标是提高小麦产量和改进小麦品质。种质资源是现代育种的物质基础，作物育种成效的大小很大程度决定于关键性优异种质资源的发现与利用。目前小麦初级基因库已得到比较充分的开发，而小麦近缘种属多数携带优异的产量和品质性状，是拓宽小麦遗传基础的宝贵种质资源库，其产量和品质相关优异基因挖掘和向小麦转移利用尚在起步阶段。目前小麦遗传改良的主要工作是选育携带优异性状及相关基因的新品种，并解析小麦优异性状形成的分子机制。二倍体簇毛麦（Haynaldia Villosa ，2n=14，VV）因携带广谱抗白粉病基因Pm21，前期已通过创制普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系成功在生产上获得广泛应用。簇毛麦还具有籽粒高蛋白含量、分蘖能力强、多穗多小花、耐贫瘠等优异性状，尤其产量和品质相关性状基因及等位变异还有待挖掘。实验室目前新创制了一套由22个不同簇毛麦品系与同一硬粒小麦品种“中引1286”杂交后经染色体加倍获得的硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体，拟用于鉴定和挖掘簇毛麦产量和品质相关优异性状和基因，并通过染色体工程技术创制新的育种中间材料。本研究聚焦与产量和品质都密切相关的籽粒性状，开展硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体籽粒产量性状、蛋白性状多年多点多世代考察，基于转录组测序探索导致硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体间籽粒蛋白含量差异的机制，并创制异染色体系材料，以期推进簇毛麦产量和品质性状优异基因的挖掘，为向普通小麦的转移与利用奠定理论和材料基础。主要研究结果如下：

1、硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体籽粒产量性状考察

（1）成熟籽粒整体观察：对涉及3年、3点、3个世代的田间收获材料成熟籽粒进行主要产量性状考察与分析，结果表明：硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体籽粒粒长主要分布9.50~10.00mm，最长可达12.20mm。粒宽和千粒重受环境影响在多年多点波动较大，粒宽分布为1.70mm~3.40mm，千粒重分布为12.67~59.93g。与硬粒小麦“中引1286”相比，硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体籽粒粒长增加，但粒宽和粒重整体上不及“中引1286”，但也有优于“中引1286”的种质。

（2）成熟籽粒个体观察：对涉及3年、3点、3个世代的田间收获材料成熟籽粒进行主要产量性状考察与分析，结果表明：粒型和粒重受遗传控制，根据单个品系考察结果挑选出15个大粒品系，涉及7个不同簇毛麦品系遗传背景，挑选出6个小粒品系，涉及6个不同簇毛麦品系遗传背景，这些材料可供后续进一步研究使用。

（3）未成熟籽粒表型观察：本研究对2022-2023生长季白马基地大棚种植材料的未成熟籽粒按照授粉后籽粒发育进程进行剥粒观察，结果表明：授粉后0~15天是粒长增长主要阶段，授粉后10~30天是粒宽增长的主要阶段，粒长增长缓慢。籽粒两次明显的体积变化发生在授粉后15天和30天，正好对应淀粉积累与蛋白质积累的主要时期。

2、硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体籽粒蛋白性状考察

（1）籽粒蛋白含量考察：对涉及2年3点2个世代的田间收获材料成熟籽粒进行近红外光谱仪检测与分析，结果表明：硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体的籽粒蛋白含量大部分可超20%。籽粒蛋白含量受环境影响在多年多点间波动较大，但蛋白质含量提升是硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体的共性。根据单个品系考察结果，挑选出5个不同簇毛麦品系遗传背景的双二倍体品系具有相对更高的籽粒蛋白含量，这些材料可供后续进一步研究使用。

（2）蛋白含量提升机制：对千粒重相似而粗蛋白含量具有较大差异的双二倍体STH66-5（高）与STH69-5（低）进行蛋白组分分析，结果表明具有高低籽粒蛋白含量的品系各组分所占比例相似，籽粒蛋白含量提升是由于各组成蛋白含量整体提升。为进一步解析硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体籽粒蛋白含量差异的分子机制，选择STH66-5（高）与STH69-5（低）的授粉后25天（25DAP）籽粒样品进行RNA-seq，获得25DAP籽粒基因表达谱。利用GO、KEGG等数据库对差异表达基因进行分析，结果表明：种子贮藏蛋白、应激/胁迫、转录与翻译、蛋白质合成与组装相关基因具有高表达和较大差异表达。

3、异染色体系创制与鉴定

本研究为了将籽粒产量和蛋白优异性状基因导入普通小麦，针对蛋白含量较高的双二倍体品系STH66-5和籽粒较大的双二倍体品系STH52-5，与综合农艺性状优良的普通小麦0686回交并自交获得后代群体，经1V-7V染色体专化的分子标记鉴定，初步筛出23株携带单个V染色体臂（可能是端体或易位）或单条V染色体（可能是添加或代换）的异染色体系材料。这些材料的创制为进一步定位籽粒和蛋白相关基因、改良育种可用亲本奠定了材料基础。

The important goal of wheat genetic breeding and basic research is to increase wheat yield and improve wheat quality. Germplasm resources are the material foundation of modern breeding, and the effectiveness of crop breeding is largely determined by the discovery and utilization of key and excellent germplasm resources. At present, the primary gene pool of wheat has been fully developed, and most of the wheat related species carry excellent yield and quality traits, which is a valuable germplasm resource pool for expanding the genetic basis of wheat. The mining and transfer of excellent genes related to yield and quality to wheat are still in the initial stage. At present, the main work of wheat genetic improvement is to select new varieties carrying excellent traits and related genes, and to analyze the molecular mechanism of the formation of excellent traits in wheat. Haynaldia Villosa（2n=14, VV) carrying the broad-spectrum resistance gene Pm21 to powdery mildew has been widely used in production through the creation of a common wheat-Haynaldia Villosa translocation line. Haynaldia Villosa also has excellent traits such as high protein content in grains, strong tillering ability, multiple spikes and small flowers, and tolerance to poor soil conditions. In particular, the correlation between yield and quality related genes and allelic variations still needs to be explored. At present, our laboratory has created a batch of durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid obtained by chromosome doubling after hybridization of 22 different varieties of Haynaldia villosa with the same durum wheat variety "ZY 1286". The aim is to identify and explore excellent traits and genes related to yield and quality of durum wheat, and to create new breeding intermediate materials through chromosome engineering technology. This study focuses on grain traits closely related to yield and quality, and conducts multi year, multi point, and multi generation investigations of grain yield and protein traits in the durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid. Based on transcriptome sequencing, the mechanism leading to differences in grain protein content between durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid is explored, and alien chromosome lines are created to promote the exploration of excellent genes for yield and quality traits in Haynaldia villosa, laying a theoretical and material foundation for the transfer and utilization to common wheat. The main research findings are as follows:

1、Investigation on grain yield traits of durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid

（1）Overall observation of mature grains: Through the investigation and analysis of mature grains in  field harvest materials from 3 years、3 location and 3 generations, the main yield related traits were identified and analyzed. The results showed that the grain length of durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid was mainly distributed between 9.50 ~10.00mm, with a maximum length of 12.20mm. The grain width and thousand grain weight fluctuate greatly over many years due to environmental influences, with a grain width of 1.70mm~3.40mm and a thousand grain weight of 12.67~59.93g. Compared with durum wheat "ZY 1286", durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid grains have increased grain length, but overall grain width and weight are not as good as "ZY 1286", but there are also better germplasm than "ZY 1286".

（2）Observation of mature grain individuals: Through the investigation and analysis of the main yield traits of mature grains in field harvest materials from 3 years 、3 location and 3 generations, the results showed that grain type and weight were controlled by genetics. Based on the investigation results, 15 large grain lines were selected, involved in the genetic background of 7 different Haynaldia villosa, and 6 small grain lines were selected, involved in the genetic background of 6 different Haynaldia villosa. These materials can be used for further research in the future.

（3）Observation of immature grain phenotype: This study observed the immature grains of greenhouse planting materials in the BAIMA base during the 2022-2023 growth season by peeling them according to the post flowering grain development process. The results showed that 0-15 days after pollination was the main stage of grain length growth, and 10-30 days after pollination was the main stage of grain width growth, with a slow increase in grain length. The two significant volume changes in grains occur at 15 and 30 days after pollination, which correspond to the main period of starch and protein accumulation.

2、Investigation on grain protein traits of durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid

（1）Examination of grain protein content: Mature grains of field harvested materials from 2 years 、 3 locations and 2 generations were detected by near-infrared spectroscopy, and the results showed that the protein content in the grains of durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid could mostly exceed 20%. It was found that the protein content in grains fluctuates greatly over many years due to environmental influences, but the increase in protein content is a common feature in durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid. Based on the examination results of individual strains, selecting 5 different Haynaldia villosa with different genetic backgrounds has relatively higher grain protein content , These materials can be used for further research in the future.

（2）Mechanism of protein content increase: The protein composition analysis was conducted on STH66-5 (high) and STH69-5 (low), which have similar thousand grain weight but significant differences in crude protein content. The results showed that the proportion of each component in the strains with high and low grain protein content was similar, and the increase in grain protein content was due to the increase in total protein content. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the significant differences in grain protein content between durum wheat-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid, RNA-seq was performed on the 25 days after pollination（25DAP）grain samples of STH66-5 (high) and STH69-5 (low) to obtain the 25DAP grain gene expression profile. The analysis of differentially expressed genes using databases such as GO and KEGG showed that genes related to seed storage proteins, stress/stress, transcription and translation, protein synthesis and assembly had high expression and significant differential expression.

3、Creation and identification of alien chromosome lines

In order to introduce genes with excellent grain and protein traits into common wheat, this study aimed to backcross the amphidiploid line STH66-5 with higher protein content and the amphidiploid line STH52-5 with larger grain size , backcross and self cross with common wheat 0686 with excellent agronomic traits to obtain offspring population. Through identification of 1V-7V chromosomal specialization molecular marker, 23 alien chromosome lines carrying a single V chromosome arm (possibly an ditelosomic or translocation) or a single V chromosome (possibly an addition or substitution) were preliminarily screened. The creation of these materials laid the material foundation for further locating genes related to grains and proteins, and improving the available parents for breeding.

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