稻田土壤重金属污染严重威胁水稻安全生产与人类健康，铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）等元素通过自然风化、工业排放及农业活动进入土壤-水稻系统，其高毒性与生物富集性引发全球关注。海南农田土壤受酸性火成岩母质、高温多雨气候特征及集约化农业生产的影响，呈现重金属积累特征。崖州区作为三亚市最大农产区和南繁育种核心区，长期高强度耕作加剧土壤酸化和重金属活化，但该区域水稻重金属积累特征和风险研究较少，亟需探明水稻重金属积累现状，并加以阻控，为热带农区粮食安全与生态安全提供保障。

本研究以崖州区土壤-水稻系统为研究对象，首先，野外采样测定45对水稻和根际土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的含量，结合转运系数和土壤理化性质相关性分析，明确土壤-水稻系统重金属积累特征及影响因素；其次，开展水稻盆栽试验，对比海南主栽籼稻品种（红香优3号、特优红1256、特优9301、旗1优386）的重金属积累特征，筛选低积累品种；同时当地土壤中分离土著镉钝化功能菌株，通过胞外分泌物测定及全基因组测序分析其钝化机制；最后，以生物炭负载钝化菌剂，结合低积累水稻种植，构建联合高效水稻重金属积累生物阻控技术。主要研究结果如下：

（1）采集崖州区45对水稻和根际土壤样品，测定Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb含量及土壤理化性质。结果表明，崖州区土壤重金属总量均未超过国家标准，但水稻籽粒中Cr、As、Ni存在超标现象。健康风险评价表明，Cr和As的非致癌风险（THQ均值分别为6.96和10.11）及致癌风险（CRI均值分别为9.2×10⁻³和3.9×10⁻³）均超过安全阈值。相关性分析显示，籽粒重金属含量主要受土壤pH、有机质、重金属有效态及组织转运重金属能力的协同影响；Cr、Ni、Pb的积累主要依赖茎叶的韧皮部运输，而Cu、Cd则以木质部运输主导。

（2）盆栽试验分析四个海南主栽籼稻品种（红香优3号、特优红1256、特优9301、旗1优386）的重金属积累特性。结果表明，旗1优386籽粒Ni、Cu、Cd积累量显著低于其他品种，产量达38.97 g/盆，显著优于其他品种。旗1优386通过根系弱泌氧，形成还原性根际环境，抑制重金属活化，以及自身的低转运系数减少籽粒对重金属的积累。红香优3号籽粒Cd（0.25 mg/kg）超标，相对Cd高积累；特优红1256与特优9301重金属积累水平中等。因此，旗1优386兼具高产与重金属低积累特性，适于中轻度污染农田的推广种植。

（3）从崖州土壤中筛选出两株Cd钝化土著菌株HMY-2（Microbacterium paraoxydans）和HMY-3（Brevibacterium sp.），并解析其钝化机制。两菌株均具有产碱能力，可显著提高培养基pH值（HMY-2至9.25，HMY-3至8.94），并在50 mg/L Cd²⁺胁迫下生长良好，在72h对镉的去除率最高，分别达69.14%和58.76%。机制分析表明，HMY-2去除率与吸附率（41.56%）及不可溶性多糖（306.2 mg/L）显著正相关（p<0.01），基因组中phoD、zntA等基因介导磷酸盐代谢与Cd²⁺外排。HMY-3则依赖可溶性多糖（605 mg/L）吸附与半胱氨酸代谢（cysE、cysK基因）解毒，吸收率（2.46%）显著高于HMY-2（1.43%），并通过mntH基因介导Cd²⁺内流。

（4）将HMY-2负载于稻壳生物炭，结合海南常栽水稻（特优9301和旗1优386）开展盆栽试验，探究其重金属协同阻控作用及机制。结果表明，两种水稻的生物炭负载微生物（BC）处理均显著提升土壤pH，增加有机质含量，显著提升速效钾和速效磷含量；显著降低土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb的有效态含量，提高了As含量。水稻根表胶膜上除Cu外，其他重金属的吸附量均显著增加。水稻籽粒产量分别显著提高44.9%和77.9%，同时籽粒Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb积累量显著降低，但品种间重金属积累特征差异显著：特优9301籽粒中Ni、Cu、As、Cd含量高于旗1优386，而旗1优386籽粒中Cr、Pb含量则高于特优9301。相关性分析表明，籽粒Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb重金属含量分别与土壤pH、有机质及根表胶膜重金属吸附量呈显著负相关，As与有机质、速效钾呈显著正相关和根表胶膜成显著负相关，而Cu含量只与土壤有效态呈显著正相关。综上，生物炭与菌株协同作用可改善土壤环境、钝化重金属有效态及增强根表胶膜截留能力，显著抑制水稻对重金属的吸收。

本研究调查崖州区水稻重金属积累特征，探讨主控影响因素，并通过筛选出低积累水稻品种和高效钝化Cd的功能菌株。两者协同生物炭改良土壤环境，显著降低重金属有效性，为海南水稻安全生产提供技术支撑。

Heavy metal pollution in paddy soil severely threatens the safety of rice production and human health. Elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) enter the soil-rice system through natural weathering, industrial emissions, and agricultural activities. Their high toxicity and biological accumulation have raised global concern. The agricultural soil in Hainan exhibits heavy metal accumulation due to the influence of acidic igneous rock parent material, the high-temperature and rainy climate, and intensive agricultural practices. Yazhou District, as the largest agricultural area in Sanya City and the core area for tropical rice breeding, has seen intensified soil acidification and heavy metal activation due to long-term high-intensity farming. However, research on rice heavy metal accumulation characteristics and risks in this region is limited, and there is an urgent need to investigate the current situation of heavy metal accumulation in rice and implement control measures to ensure food and ecological security in tropical farming areas.

This study focuses on the Yazhou soil-rice system, exploring its heavy metal accumulation characteristics, low-accumulation cultivars, and biochar-microbe synergistic control mechanisms. First, field sampling was conducted to determine the Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb contents and soil physicochemical properties in 45 paired rice and rhizosphere soil samples. Translocation factors and correlation analysis were used to clarify the heavy metal accumulation characteristics and influencing factors in the soil-rice system. Second, a pot experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic traits and heavy metal accumulation differences among Hainan’s major indica rice varieties (Hongxiangyou 3, Teyouhong 1256, Teyou 9301, Qi 1 You 386) and to screen for low-accumulation superior cultivars. Indigenous Cd-resistant functional strains were isolated from Yazhou soils, and their immobilization mechanisms were analyzed through growth assays, extracellular secretion tests, and whole-genome sequencing. Finally, based on these studies, biochar-loaded microbial inoculants were prepared and evaluated for their synergistic heavy metal control effects on low-accumulation rice. The main results are as follows:

(1) A total of 45 pairs of rice and rhizosphere soil samples were collected in Yazhou District, and the contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb were determined along with soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that the total amount of heavy metals in Yazhou soil did not exceed national standards, but the rice grains contained excessive Cr, As, and Ni. Health risk assessment revealed that the non-carcinogenic risks (mean THQ values of 6.96 and 10.11) and carcinogenic risks (mean CRI values of 9.2 × 10⁻³ and 3.9 × 10⁻³) for Cr and As exceeded safety thresholds. Correlation analysis showed that the heavy metal content in rice grains was mainly influenced by soil pH, organic matter, bioavailable heavy metals, and the rice plant’s ability to transport metals. Accumulation of Cr, Ni, As, and Pb mainly depended on the transport in the phloem of the stem and leaves, while Cu and Cd were predominantly transported in the xylem.

(2) The pot experiment analyzed the heavy metal accumulation characteristics of four main indica rice varieties in Hainan. Results indicated that the Qi1you 386 variety accumulated significantly lower amounts of Ni, Cu, and Cd in grains compared to the other varieties, with a yield of 38.97 g/pot, which was significantly higher than the other varieties. Qi1you 386 reduced metal accumulation by creating a reductive rhizosphere environment via weak root exudation, inhibiting metal activation, and having a low transport coefficient. Hongxiangyou 3 showed excessive Cd accumulation (0.25 mg/kg), while Teyouhong 1256 and Teyou 9301 had moderate levels of metal accumulation. Thus, Qi1you 386, with high yield and low metal accumulation, is suitable for planting in moderately contaminated farmlands.

(3) Two indigenous Cd-detoxifying bacteria, HMY-2 (Microbacterium paraoxydans) and HMY-3 (Brevibacteriumsp.), were isolated from Yazhou soil, and their detoxification mechanisms were analyzed. Both strains exhibited alkalinity production, significantly increasing the pH of the culture medium (HMY-2 to 9.25, HMY-3 to 8.94) and grew well under 50 mg/L Cd²⁺ stress. The highest Cd removal rates were 69.14% for HMY-2 and 58.76% for HMY-3 at 72 hours. Mechanistic analysis showed that the removal rate of HMY-2 was positively correlated with adsorption rate (41.56%) and insoluble polysaccharide (306.2 mg/L) production (p < 0.01), with genes such as phoD and zntA involved in phosphate metabolism and Cd²⁺ extrusion. HMY-3 relied on soluble polysaccharide (605 mg/L) adsorption and cysteine metabolism (genes cysE, cysK) for detoxification, showing higher absorption (2.46%) compared to HMY-2 (1.43%), and regulated Cd²⁺ influx and efflux via the mntH gene.

(4) HMY-2 was loaded on biochar, and a pot experiment was carried out with commonly grown rice varieties (Teyou 9301 and Qi 1 you 386) in Hainan Province to explore the synergistic effect and mechanism of heavy metal control. The results showed that both biochar loaded microorganism (BC) treatments significantly increased soil pH, organic matter content, available potassium and available phosphorus contents. It significantly reduced the available contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb in soil, and increased the content of As. Except for Cu, the adsorption of other heavy metals on the rubber film of rice root surface increased significantly. The grain yield of rice was significantly increased by 44.9% and 77.9%, respectively, while the accumulation of Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in grain was significantly reduced. However, there were significant differences in heavy metal accumulation characteristics among the varieties: The contents of Ni, Cu, As and Cd in the grain of Teyou 9301 were higher than those of Qi 1 you 386, while the contents of Cr and Pb in the grain of Qi 1 you 386 were higher than those of Teyou 9301. The contents of Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in grain were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, organic matter and heavy metal adsorption capacity of root surface film, respectively. As was significantly positively correlated with organic matter and available potassium, and negatively correlated with root surface film, while Cu content was only positively correlated with soil available state. In summary, the synergistic effect of biochar and bacteria could significantly inhibit rice uptake of heavy metals by improving soil environment, passivating available forms of heavy metals, and enhancing the ability of root surface rubber film interception.

This study investigates the heavy metal accumulation characteristics in rice in Yazhou District, explores the main influencing factors, and selects low-accumulating rice varieties and efficient Cd-detoxifying functional strains. By synergistically improving the soil environment, it significantly reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals, providing technical support for the safe production of rice in Hainan.

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