农地流转是实现我国现代农业的重要路径。近年来，在政府推动下，我国农地经营权流转取得了一定成绩。但随着经济发展进入新常态，我国农地流转呈现活力不足、农地经营规模化程度不高等问题，严重制约了我国农业现代化进程。值得注意的是，农地流转市场陷入“低水平波动”的发展困境不仅与外部市场环境相关，还与农户内源动力生计资本约束密切关联。家庭生计资本是农户生计活动选择的关键因素，决定了农户在土地利用中可能采取的行动策略，伴随农村资源要素在城乡间流动性增强，家庭生计禀赋较过去已发生明显变化，这些转变必然会影响到农户的农地流转决策。同时，农户参与农地流转后，家庭资源配置方式发生变化，从而影响家庭经济绩效。那么，农户生计资本对农地流转有何影响，其影响机制是什么？农户参与农地流转后家庭要素重新配置会对家庭经济绩效有何影响？生计资本异质性条件下农户农地流转的经济绩效有何差异？农地流转这一要素配置行为在生计资本与家庭经济绩效中存在哪些中介作用？

为回答上述问题，本文依据可持续生计等相关理论，构建“农户生计资本—农地流转决策—经济绩效变化”的理论分析框架，利用中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），在总结农户生计资本与农地流转的现状的基础上，首先，从理论上揭示农户生计资本对农地流转的影响机理，讨论劳动与资本要素对农地流转的联合决策的影响，采用多元Probit模型检验生计资本以及家庭要素对农地流转的影响；其次，探究农地流转对农户经济绩效的影响，采用农业生产效率以及家庭收入代表经济绩效，并比较生计资本异质型农户农地流转的经济绩效差异，实证研究中引入工具变量，采用内生转换回归模型与无条件分位数处理效应模型验证农地流转对农户经济绩效的影响；最后，分析农地流转在生计资本与农户经济绩效间的中介效应，实证研究中采用结构方程模型进行有效检验，以解决中介变量为分类变量的情况。主要研究结论如下：

第一，不同类型生计资本对农地流转的影响存在明显差异，从农户农地转出决策来看，自然资本、数量性人力资本、物质资本、融资性金融资本丰富的家庭，农地转出的概率越低；而文化性人力资本与亲缘性社会资本丰富的家庭，农地转出的概率越高。从农户农地转入决策来看，数量性人力资本、生产性物质资本、金融资本以及社会资本会促进农户转入土地；而自然资本、文化性人力资本、非生产性物质资本会抑制农户转入土地。此外，农户农地流转行为除了受到自身生计资本的约束外，还受到家庭其他要素配置行为的影响，农户劳动力转移会促进农户转出农地，抑制农地转入；农户购买机械化服务会抑制农地转出，促进农户转入土地。

第二，农地流转促使农户农业生产效率得到有效提升，对生计资本异质型农户的农业生产效率均有提升效应。农地转入更有助于提升生计资本均衡型农户的土地生产率与生计资本贫瘠型农户的劳动生产率；而农地转出更有助于提升生计资本贫瘠型农户的土地生产率与生计资本均衡型农户的劳动生产率。

第三，农地流转能促进农户收入增长，但会扩大农户间收入差距。农地转入与农地转出，均能显著地提高农户家庭收入；但农地转入与转出对农户收入增长的影响具有“不对称”性，农地转出对农户家庭收入增长的影响幅度要大于农地转入。并且，农地流转对农户收入的影响具有“马太效应”，会扩大农户间收入差距，其中，农地转入对农户增收效应随着收入的提高而增加，农地转出对中高收入组农户的增收效应最明显，对最低收入组农户的增收影响最小。同时，农地流转对生计资本异质型农户的收入影响存在差异，总体上看，农地转入与转出对三类资本异质型农户收入具有显著的提升作用，但农地转入对生计资本富裕型农户的增收效应要大于资本均衡型与贫瘠型农户，且生计资本贫瘠型农户的农地转入增收幅度最小；农地转出对生计资本均衡型农户家庭收入的增长效应要远远大于其他两类农户，而生计资本富裕型农户的农地转出增收效应最小。并且对于相同类型农户，农地转入与转出的增收效应存在差异，对于生计资本富裕型农户，农地转入的增收效应要大于农地转出；而生计资本均衡型与贫瘠型农户的农地转出增收效应大于农地转入。

第四，农地流转在部分生计资本与农户经济绩效间存在中介效应。自然资本、文化性人力资本、生产性物质资本、融资性金融资本、社会资本会通过农地转入影响农业生产效率；而自然资本、文化性人力资本、友缘性社会资本会通过农地转出影响农业生产效率。生计资本与农户收入间不存在农地转入的中介效应，而人力资本、生产性物质资本、亲缘性社会资本可以通过农地转出的中介作用影响农户收入。

基于以上研究结论，为提高农户生计水平与经济绩效，本文提出促进农地流转市场发育，规范有序的市场环境；提高农户生计能力，合理引导农户农地流转；完善相关要素市场，强化要素市场之间联动关系等政策建议。

Farmland transfer is an important way to realize modern agriculture in China. In recent years, driven by the government, China's farmland management rights transfer has achieved certain results. However, with the economic development entering into the “new normal”, the farmland transfer in China shows problems such as insufficient vitality and low scale of farmland management, which seriously restricts the process of agricultural modernization in China. It is worth noting that the development dilemma of the farmland transfer market falling into "low level fluctuations" is not only related to the external market environment, but also closely related to the constraints of farmers' endogenous dynamic livelihood capital. Household livelihood capital is the key factor in the selection of farmers ’livelihood activities, which determines the possible action strategies of farmers in land using. With the increased mobility of rural resource elements in urban and rural areas, family livelihood endowments have changed significantly compared to the past, and these changes will inevitably affect farmers' decision of farmland transfer. At the same time, after farmers participating in farmland transfer, the way of household resources allocation is changed, which affects their economic performance. Then, what is the impact of farmers' livelihood capital on farmland transfer, and what is the impact mechanism? After farmers participate in the farmland transfer, what is the impact of family factor reallocation on family economic performance? What is the difference in the economic performance of rural households' farmland transfer under the condition of the heterogeneity of livelihood capital? What are the mediating effects of the factor allocation behavior of farmland transfer in the livelihood capital and household economic performance?

To answer these questions, based on sustainable livelihood and other related theories, this paper constructed a theoretical analysis framework of " farmer's livelihood capital-farmland transfer decision-economic performance change". Used the data of China Family Panel Survey (CFPS), on the basis of summarizing the current status of farmers ’livelihood capital and farmland transfer, firstly, this paper revealed the influence mechanism of farmers' livelihood capital on farmland transfer, and discussed the influence of labor and capital elements on the joint decision-making for farmland transfer, and tested the impact of livelihood capital and family factors on farmland transfer by multi-probit model; Secondly, the paper explored the impact of farmland transfer on farmers' economic performance. Used agricultural production efficiency and household income to represent economic performance, and compared the economic performance difference of the farmland transfer of farmers with heterogeneous livelihood capital. In the empirical study, instrumental variables ware introduced, the endogenous transformation regression model and unconditional quantile treatment effect model ware used to verify the impact of farmland transfer on farmers' economic performance. Finally, the paper analyzed the mediating effect of farmland transfer between livelihood capital and farmers' economic performance. In the empirical research, for effective testing, the structural equation model was used to solve the situation where the mediating variable is the classified variable. The main research conclusions are as follows:

Firstly, there are significant differences in the impact of different types of livelihood capital on farmland transfer. From the perspective of farmers' decision-making on farmland transfer-out, households which rich in natural capital, quantitative human capital, material capital and financing financial capital have lower probability of farmland transfer-out. However, the higher probability of farmland transfer-out is for the families with rich cultural human capital and kinship social capital. From the perspective of farmers' land transfer-in decision, quantitative human capital, productive material capital, financial capital and social capital will promote farmland transfer. While, natural capital, cultural human capital and non-productive material capital will restrain farmers from transferring in land. Besides, in addition to the constraints of their own livelihood capital, the farmer's farmland transfer behavior is also affected by the allocation of other family elements. The transfer of rural labor force will promote the farmland transfer-out and restrain the transfer-in. Farmers' purchase of mechanized services will inhibit the farmland transfer-out and promote the farmland transfer-in.

Secondly, farmland transfer has effectively promoted the agricultural production efficiency of farmers, it has an effect on improving the agricultural production efficiency of farmers with heterogeneous livelihood capital. The farmland transfer-in is more helpful to increase the land productivity of capital-balanced farmers and the labor productivity of capital-poor farmers. While, the farmland transfer-out is more conducive to improving the land productivity of capital-poor farmers and the labor productivity of farmers with capital-balanced farmers.

Thirdly, the farmland transfer can promote the growth of farmers' income, but it will expand the income gap between farmers. Whether the farmland is transferred in or out, it can significantly increase the farmers’ income of farmers. However, the impact of farmland transfer-in and transfer-out on the income growth of farmers is "asymmetric", and the impact of farmland transfer-out on farmers’ income growth is greater than farmland transfer-in. Moreover, the impact of farmland transfer on farmers ’income has “Matthew effect”, which will expand the income gap between farmers. Among them, with the increase of income, the impact of farmland transfer-in on farmers' income is increasing. The effect of farmland transfer-out is the most obvious in the middle and high income group, and the least in the lowest income group. At the same time, the impact of farmland transfer on the income of farmers with heterogeneous livelihood capital is different. On the whole, the farmland transfer-in and transfer-out have a significant effect on the income of three types of capital heterogeneous farmers. However, the effect of farmland transfer-in on the income of capital-rich farmers is greater than that of the capital-balanced and capital-pool farmers. And the increasing effect of the transfer-in on income of capital-pool farmers is the smallest. The effect of the farmland transfer-out on the income of capital-balanced farmers is much greater than that of other two types of farmers, but the income-increasing effect of the capital-rich farmers is the smallest. And for the same type of farmers, there are differences in the income increasing effect of farmland transfer-in and transfer-out. For the livelihood capital-rich farmers, the income increasing effect of farmland transfer-in is greater than that of farmland transfer-out; however, for the capital-balanced and capital-pool farmers, the income increasing effect of farmland transfer-out is greater than farmland transfer-in.

Fourthly, the farmland transfer has a mediating effect between the partial livelihood capital and the farmers’ economic performance. Natural capital, cultural human capital, productive material capital, financing financial capital, and social capital will affect agricultural production efficiency through the farmland transfer-in; while natural capital, cultural human capital, and friendly social capital will affect agricultural production efficiency through farmland transfer-out. There is no mediating effect of farmland transfer-in between livelihood capital and farmers' income, while human capital, productive material capital, and kinship social capital can affect farmers' income through the mediating effect of farmland transfer-out.

Based on the above research conclusions, in order to improve farmers' livelihood level and economic performance, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as promoting the development of farmland transfer market, standardizing the orderly market environment, improving farmers' livelihood ability, reasonably guiding farmers' farmland transfer, improving relevant factor markets and strengthening the linkage between factor markets.

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