桃[Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]是我国重要的农产品，具有很高的经济价值。大多数桃品种的成花量过高，导致树势衰弱，果实品质降低。生产实践中需要进行疏花，以达到合理的负载量。赤霉素（GA₃）作为重要的植物生长调节剂，被广泛地应用于果树的生产管理领域，比如疏花疏果、提高果实品质。本研究选取不同需冷量桃DB2-9（低）、霞晖8号（中）、霞脆（高）盛果期植株为试验材料，其生长势以及栽培管理条件一致。分别在48、50和46 DAFB （盛花后天数）喷施50、100和150 mg·L^-1 GA₃，以喷施清水为对照，每10 d喷施一次，共四次。在茎顶端分生组织由营养生长向生殖生长转变期，测定新梢生长指标和叶片生理指标，并进行花芽分化过程的石蜡切片观察；通过转录组分析不同需冷量桃品种（系）花芽分化的机制，以及不同需冷量桃品种（系）对外源GA₃响应差异的相关基因；测定喷施当年硬核期、膨大期和成熟期以及翌年成熟期的果实品质指标；统计翌年不同类型结果枝占比、成花与坐果指标，以期为桃的花果调控技术提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：

（1）外源GA₃对不同需冷量桃品种（系）枝条生物学特性的影响

外施50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃能显著提高低需冷量桃品系中果枝比例，对新梢长度、粗度和节间长度无显著影响；显著提高中需冷量桃品种新梢长度、粗度及长果枝比例；显著提高高需冷量桃品种长果枝比例，而降低新梢粗度和花束状果枝比例。外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃可显著降低花芽未分化期低、高需冷量桃品种（系）叶片叶绿素含量；外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高花芽形态分化始期低、高需冷量桃品种（系）叶片可溶性总糖含量，显著降低中需冷量桃品种叶片可溶性总糖含量和各桃品种（系）叶片脯氨酸含量；外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃促进花芽形态分化始期至雌蕊原基分化期低、中需冷量桃品种（系）叶片可溶性蛋白质的积累，并使游离氨基酸含量减少。

（2）外源GA₃对不同需冷量桃品种（系）花芽分化特性的影响

三个品种（系）花芽分化所需时间分别为高＞低＞中需冷量桃品种（系）。外施50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃抑制低需冷量桃品系花芽分化，抑制效果随浓度提高而增强。外施100和150 mg·L^-1 GA₃抑制中、高需冷量桃品种花芽分化，且花芽停止分化的时间较CK的花芽形态分化始期早。外施50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃降低低需冷量桃品系翌年成花率和三个品种（系）翌年花量。

（3）外源GA₃对不同需冷量桃品种（系）花芽分化影响的转录组分析

经转录组分析表明，三个品种（系）花芽分化特性的差异与植物环境胁迫响应和ETH、IAA、ABA、SL的生长调控有关。从低需冷量桃品系花芽分化对GA₃的差异响应角度，木质素生物合成、BR与GA间的信号转导串联和CYP714A1参与的GA生物合成途径起着关键作用；从中需冷量桃品种花芽分化对GA₃的差异响应角度，木质素生物合成、植物免疫调控和脯氨酸代谢与其有关；高需冷量桃品种花芽分化对GA₃的差异响应角度，生物胁迫与非生物胁迫响应、JA代谢和SL信号转导调控其过程。

（4）外源GA₃对不同需冷量桃品种（系）果实品质与产量的影响

对于喷施当年成熟期果实品质，外施50、100 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高三个品种（系）的单果质量。外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著降低高需冷量桃品种的果形指数。外施150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高低需冷量桃品系的a^*值和a^*/b^*值，外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃对高需冷量桃品种着色的抑制效应较中需冷量桃品种显著。外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高中需冷量桃品种的去皮硬度和高需冷量桃品种的带皮硬度。外施50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃能提高低需冷量桃品系的可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量和糖酸比，外施50、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃能提高中、高需冷量桃品种的可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量和有机酸含量。外施100、150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高三个品种（系）翌年产量。

对于翌年成熟期果实品质，外施150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高三个品种（系）单果质量。外施50、100 mg·L^-1 GA₃分别显著降低和提高中、高需冷量桃品种的a^*值和a^*/b^*值。外施50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著降低低需冷量桃品系硬度，而提高中、高需冷量桃品种的硬度。外施50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃显著提高低、高需冷量桃品种（系）的总糖含量和糖酸比，显著降低中需冷量桃品种的糖酸比。综合外源GA₃对低、中和高需冷量桃品种（系）成花与果实品质的影响，筛选出50、100和150 mg·L^-1 GA₃用于各品种（系）的成花调控。

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is an important agricultural product in China with high economic value. Most peach varieties have excessive flowers, resulting in weak trees and reduced fruit quality. In production practice, thinning is required to achieve a reasonable load amount. As an important plant growth regulator, gibberellin (GA₃) is widely used in the field of production management of fruit trees, such as flower and fruit thinning and fruit quality improvement. In this study, with low (DB2-9), medium (Xiahui 8), and high (Xiacui) chilling requirements, peach varieties (strains) with consistent growth potentials as well as cultivation and management conditions at the full-fruiting stage were selected as test materials. The varieties were sprayed with 50, 100, and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ at 48, 50, and 46 DAFB (days after bloom), respectively, and sprayed with clear water as a control every 10 d for four times. During the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth of the shoot apical meristem, we measured the growth indexes of new shoots and physiological indexes of leaves, and made paraffin sections to observe the process of bud differentiation; and analyzed the mechanism of bud differentiation in peach varieties (strains) with different chilling requirements through the transcriptome analysis, as well as the related genes of the differences in response to exogenous GA₃ in peach varieties (strains) with different chilling requirements; we measured the quality indexes of fruits during the hardening, expansion and ripening stages in the year of spraying as well as during the ripening stage of the following year; we counted the ratio of fruit-bearing branches with different types and the indexes of flowers and fruits of the following year, with a view to providing theoretical basis for the peach flower and fruit thinning technology. The main research results are as follows:

（1）Effect of exogenous GA₃ on the biological characteristics of branches of peach varieties (strains) with different chilling requirements

External application of 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the proportion of medium fruiting branches in the peach strain with low chilling requirement, and had no significant effect on the length, thickness and internode length of new shoots; significantly increased the length, thickness and proportion of long fruiting branches in the peach variety with medium chilling requirement; and significantly increased the proportion of long fruiting branches in the peach variety with high chilling requirement, while decreasing the thickness of new shoots and proportion of bouquet fruit branches. External application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly reduced the chlorophyll content of leaves of the peach variety(strain) with low, high chilling requirements at the undifferentiated stage of flower buds; external application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the total soluble sugar content of the leaves of the peach varieties(strains) with low, high chilling requirements, and significantly reduced the total soluble sugar content of the leaves of the peach variety of medium chilling requirement and the proline content of leaves of each peach variety(strain) at the initial differentiation stage of flower bud; the external application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ promoted the accumulation of soluble protein and reduced the free amino acid content in the leaves of the peach varieties(strains) with low, medium chilling requirements at the period from the initial differentiation stage of flower bud to the differentiation of pistil primordium.

（2）Effect of exogenous GA₃ on the characteristics of flower bud differentiation in peach varieties (strains) with different chilling requirements

The time required for bud differentiation of the three varieties (strains) were high > low > medium-chilling-requiring peach varieties (strains), respectively. External application of 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ inhibited bud differentiation of the peach strain with low chilling requirement, and the inhibitory effect increased with the increase of concentration of exogenous GA₃. External application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ inhibited bud differentiation in the peach varieties with medium and high chilling requirements, and the time of bud cessation was earlier than the initial differentiation stage of flower bud for CK. External application of 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ reduced the flowering rate of the peach strain with low chilling requirement in the following year and the number of flowers in the following year of the three varieties (strains).

（3）Transcriptome analysis of the effect of exogenous GA₃ on the bud differentiation in peach cultivars (strains) with different chilling requirements

Transcriptome analyses indicated that the differences in bud differentiation characteristics among the three varieties (strains) were related to the response to plant environmental stress and the growth regulation by ETH, IAA, ABA, and SL. For the differential response of bud differentiation to GA₃ in the peach strain with low chilling requirement, the lignin biosynthesis, the signaling crosstalk between BR and GA, and GA biosynthesis pathway involved in CYP714A1 played key roles; for the differential response of bud differentiation to GA₃ in the peach variety with medium chilling requirement, the lignin biosynthesis, the plant immune regulation, and the proline metabolism were related to it; for the differential response of bud differentiation to GA₃ in the peach variety with high chilling requirement, the biotic and abiotic stress responses, the JA metabolism and the SL signaling regulate the process.

（4）Effect of exogenous GA₃ on the fruit quality and yield of peach varieties (strains) with different chilling requirements

For the fruit quality at maturity in the year of spraying, external application of 50 and 100 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly improved the quality of single fruit of the three varieties (strains). External application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly reduced the fruit shape index of the peach variety with high chilling requirement. External application of 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the a^* and a^*/b^* values of the peach strain with low chilling requirement, and the inhibitory effect of external application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ on the coloring of the peach variety with high chilling requirement was more significant than that of the peach variety with medium chilling requirement. Externally applied 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the firmness without peel of the peach variety of medium chilling requirement and the firmness with peel of the peach variety with high chilling requirement; externally applied 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ increased the soluble solids content , the total sugar content, and the sugar-acid ratio of the peach strain with low chilling requirement. Externally applied 50 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ increase the soluble solids content, total sugar content and organic acid content of the peach varieties with medium, high chilling requirements. External application of 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ reduced the fruit set rate of the peach strain with low chilling requirement in the following year, the number of fruits in the following year of the three varieties (strains). External application of 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the yield of the three varieties (strains) in the following year.

For the fruit quality at maturity in the following year, the application of 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the quality of single fruit of the three varieties (strains), while the application of 50 and 100 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly reduced and increased the a^* and a^*/b^* values of the peach varieties with medium, high chilling requirement, respectively. The exogenous application of 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly reduced the firmness of the peach strain with low chilling requirement and increased the firmness of the peach varieties with medium and high chilling requirements. The exogenous application of 50~150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ significantly increased the total sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of the peach variety(strain) with low and high chilling requirements and significantly reduced the sugar-acid ratio of the peach variety with medium chilling requirement. After synthesizing the effect of exogenous GA₃ on the flowering and fruit quality of low, medium and high-chilling-requiring peach varieties (strains), 50, 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 GA₃ were screened for flower thinning regulation of each variety (strain).

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