长江口是我国境内最大的河口，鱼类区系组成复杂，许多鱼类在长期的进化过程逐渐适应了这一地区的环境条件而演化成为我国特有的地区性种类。通过长江口渔业资源调查发现，虾虎鱼科鱼类在长江口具有重要地位，大部分虾虎鱼科鱼类为长江口的河口定居种。据相关文献报道，部分虾虎鱼早期资源为中华鲟幼鱼索饵洄游的饵料生物。因此，虾虎鱼科鱼类资源对维护长江口的生态平衡具有重要作用。在对长江口水域早期资源调查时发现，虾虎鱼科鱼类早期资源的种类多样性较大，并且其数量所占比例也相对较高，但目前国内对长江口分布的虾虎鱼科鱼类早期资源的相关报道却很少。本研究即以长江口虾虎鱼科鱼类早期发育阶段的种类鉴定为目的，利用分子生物学方法对其进行物种鉴定，并对9种虾虎鱼科鱼类的系统分类进行研究，通过形态描述找出能够识别不同种在早期发育过程中的形态特征，为在早期资源调查过程中能够快速、准确鉴别虾虎鱼科鱼类提供依据，同时能够对长江口早期发育阶段的鱼类分类研究进行资料累积。 本研究主要由三个部分组成。第一部分利用16S rRNA基因对长江口虾虎鱼科鱼类早期资源的种类鉴定，并对虾虎鱼中该基因的碱基组成差异进行讨论和分析。第二部分主要对已鉴定出的虾虎鱼科鱼类进行系统分类，判断其作为分子标记去鉴定虾虎鱼种类的适用性和准确性。第三部分对已鉴定出的8种虾虎鱼进行形态描述和分析，找出能够鉴别虾虎鱼科鱼类早期资源的形态特征，并制作出虾虎鱼发育阶段的简易检索表。主要研究结果如下： 1. 基于16S rRNA基因对长江口9种虾虎鱼科鱼类早期资源是种类鉴定：共获得长江口虾虎鱼科鱼类早期资源8属9种69个个体的16S rRNA序列，共有长度为534bp，共编码181个氨基酸。与NCBI数据库中已知16S rRNA序列/全基因序列对比，其相似度均在99%～100%之间，对9种虾虎鱼早期资源的种类进行了初步的判定。利用MEGA软件对9种虾虎鱼16S rRNA基因序列的碱基组成进行分析，得到各种虾虎鱼该基因的碱基分布频率存在明显差异，但碱基组成的总体趋势基本一致，：A碱基含量最高（29.3%）,A+T的平均含量（52.2%）明显高于G+C（47.8%），说明16S rRNA基因的碱基使用频率存在明显的偏向性。 2. 对已鉴定出的9种长江口虾虎鱼早期资源的系统分类：利用MEGA软件中Kinura双参数替代模型（Kimura''''''''s 2-Parameter，K2P）计算长江口9种虾虎鱼科鱼类69个个体种内和种间的遗传距离，并对16S rRNA基因序列进行饱和性分析，建立基于K2P模型的UPGMA系统树。结果显示：虾虎鱼科鱼类可形成明显的单系群，其中包括了传统分类种弹涂鱼科的青弹涂鱼以及鳗虾虎鱼科的拉氏狼牙虾虎鱼；髭缟虾虎鱼和双带缟虾虎鱼形成姊妹分支，呈现出较近的亲缘关系；竿虾虎鱼和阿部鲻虾虎鱼间的遗传距离仅为0.068，在亲缘关系图谱中二者聚在同一分支中。 3. 对已鉴定出的8种早期发育阶段的虾虎鱼进行形态描述和分析：描述8种虾虎鱼仔稚鱼的形态特征，并结合前人已得出的研究结果，筛选出能够鉴别种类的检索信息有：体表色素的有无、形状、数量和所在位置，鰾的形状及色素分布状况以及肛前长所占全长的比例等。

The Yangtze Estuary is the largest estuary in China with a complex fauna and diverse species types. Many kinds of fish evolved specific characters adapt to the environment, being special noctuid species of this region. Fishery resources survey showed that the number of Gobiidae fishes has played an important role in the Yangtze estuary, most of which become estuarine fish. Privious studies has been revealed that early resources of some Gobiidae fishes are food organisms of Chinese Sturgeon inhabited in the estuary during migration. Therefore, Gobiidae fishes are very important in maintaining ecological balance of Yangtze Estuary. Investigation in the Yangtze Estuary found that early resources of Gobiidae fishes had a great diverse species and high proportions of number. However, less studies has been researched on the Gobiidae fishes’ early resource in the Yangtze estuary. This study focused on identification of Gobiidae fishes during early developmental stage using molecular biology method. A categories study was conducted on 9 Gobiidae fishes to find differences in morphological characters of early development with the purpose of providing a basis for identifying Gobiidae fishes, fast and accurately. At the same time, the study provides some information for classification of Gobiidae fishes in early development in the Yangtze Estuary. The paper is composed of three chapters. First, early resources of 9 Gobiidae fishes in Yangtze Estuary were identified using 16s RNA and differences between base compositions were discussed and analyzed. Second, system categories were conducted on Gobiidae fishes identified, applicability and accuracy of identifying by molecular marker were assessed. Third, 8 Gobiidae fishes which were successfully identified were morphological described and analyzed to find characters that set different Gobiidae fishes apart. And, a simple identification key of developmental stage of Gobiidae fishes was made. The main research results are as follows: 1. The identification of nine Gobiidae fishes’ early resources in the Yangtze Estuary based on 16S rRNA gene: 16S rRNA sequence of eight genera, nine species and sixty nine individuals of Gobiidae in the Yangtze Estuary has been obtained. The common length is 534bp, encoding 181 amino acids. By alignment with 16S rRNA gene or the whole-genome in NCBI, sequence ident degree is 99%～100%, nine Gobiidae species has been identified primarily. Analyzing the composition of bases of 16S rRNA gene in nine Gobiidae species by using MEGA software, the results shows that the frequency of bases distribution in 16S rRNA gene of every goby exists significant difference, but the trend of base composition is consistent: the average content of A (29.3%) is significantly higher than that of other three bases, and the average content of A+T (52.2%) is higher than the G+C content (47.8%). It indicates that there is obvious bias in the base frequency of 16S rRNA. 2. Phylogenetic analysis of nine identified Gobiidae fishes’ early resources: by using MEGA software with K2P model, calculating the intraspecific and interspecific distance of nine Gobiidae species 69 individuals, and making saturation analysis with 16S rRNA gene, as the same time making UPMGA phylogenetic tree based on K2P model. The results showed: Gobiidae species in the Yangtze Estuary could form a obviously monophyletic group, which further conformed that classification of Scartelaos histiophorus and Odontamblyopus rubicundus, as Gobiidae was reasonable. 3. Describe and analysis morphological characteristics of eight identified Gobiidae fishes’ early resources: combing the research results that had reported, describing morphological characteristics of eight Gobiidae fishes, and filtering the index information that can identify eight Gobiidae fishes’ early stage. For example ,if there is pigment on the body; the shape, quantity and position of the pigment; the shape and the distribution of pigment of swim bladder and the location of anus. At last, make a retrieval table based on the information of classification and identification of eight Gobiidae fishes’ early development stage.