自古以来，亚洲的水稻农业非常重要。地球上超过一半的人以大米作为主食，它是世界上许多文明中必不可少的食物。长期耕作和人类管理可能会影响土壤的丰富多样性。农田耕层，通过施肥和管理来提供作物所需的养分，保障作物生产。因此，培肥土壤主要发生于耕作层（表土），而有机质性质（碳含量及其组成）代表着人类土壤培肥的主要成效。中国是世界上最大的稻米生产国，研究中国稻田土壤有机质不但可以了解农业实践的土壤固碳作用，也可以了解有机质与作物生产的关系。可以从分子水平探索稻田耕层有机质含量与其分子组成及其与土壤微生物活性的联系。本研究在中国南方的贵州从江、广西龙胜和江苏溧水等3个不同地点，分别采集耕种数百年以上的老稻田（old paddy）和最近几十年为了扩大生产而垦殖的新稻田(new paddy)的0-15cm深度的耕作表土样品。分别分析了土壤基本理化性质和土壤有机碳库分布（SOC-有机碳总量、MBC-生物生物量碳和DOC-溶解性有机碳）、采用溶剂连续萃取-GC/MS鉴定法提取分析了土壤有机质生物标志物分子组成，采用土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸谱系分析了活性微生物群落结构并采用微平板荧光法分析了土壤胞外酶活性。取得的主要结果如下：

1. 老稻田耕层有机碳介于11-19 g/kg，而新稻田介于4.8-10.5 g/kg， 仅为老稻田的40-60%；老稻田微生物生物量碳显著高于新稻田，其微生物商在2.2%-2.8%范围，而新稻田变化于1.2%-5.6%；而DOC/MBC的比值与有机碳含量呈反相关关系，提示新稻田土壤微生物分解有机碳的较大潜力；

2.老稻田表土pH值显得高于新稻田，而速效磷成倍高于新稻田，速效钾高于新稻田15-70%，提示长期稻作提高了有效性养分供给，并且速效磷与微生物生物量和DOC含量成正相关关系，显示磷素是土壤微生物生长及其碳循环活性的驱动力；

3. 生物标志物法的有机质分子组成分析表明，新老稻田的有机质分子组成存在较大差异，但不同地点间变异极大。总体上，新稻田中来自植物源的木栓质和角质分子丰度较低，而未氧化的木质素分子丰度较高，且微生物源残留有机质比例高于老稻田；

4. 新老稻田的差异在微生物 PLFAs 浓度上十分突出，老稻田的总PLFAs浓度变化在14.5-25.7 nmol/g, 新稻田介于1.35-13.6 nmol/g，与土壤速效磷含量极显著相关；微生物区系的真菌细菌比率在老稻田高于新稻田，而细菌的革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的比值相反，结合PLFAs/MBC比率在老稻田高于新稻田，表明新稻田微生物区系及功能未达稳定化，处于资源胁迫条件；

5. 土壤胞外酶活性总值(有机质归一化)新稻田显著高于老稻田，且老稻田BG/XYL酶活性比值（解糖酶与解纤维素酶比值）高于新稻田, 而XYL/PPO比值（解纤维素酶与解木质素酶比值）低于新稻田，说明老稻田土壤碳资源较为丰富，主要表现为易降解有机物的分解而提供微生物能量，而新稻田主要以分解纤维素等潜在可分解的有机质，而木质素都相对持留。

本研究通过几个不同地点的新老稻田的成对对比，初步判明了长期稻作趋向于形成数量较大、碳库稳定、微生物丰度和活性较大的有机质系统，并初步判明存在有机质分子结构-微生物群落结构-生态系统循环功能活性的紧密关联机制。土壤培肥下有效性磷素的富集可能是老稻田微生物群落较为稳定和活性较高的驱动因子。老稻田中微生物丰度和活性较高，处于较好的资源供给条件（即生长效率策略为主）而新稻田有机碳资源较匮缺，特别是速效磷是限制因子，属于资源胁迫型适应策略。既然磷素有效性是土壤有机质积累及组成和微生物群落结构以及酶活性的强烈调节者，必需围绕土壤有效磷的管理来促进水稻生产并提升土壤健康及其生态系统功能。这些可能是理解稻田土壤健康的新视角。当然，新老稻田微生物区系结构以及与食物网的关系尚需进一步研究。

Rice agriculture in Asia has been very important since ancient times. Over half of all people in the planet eat rice as their main staple meal and it is an essential food item in many civilizations around the world. Long-term tillage and human management can affect the rich diversity of soils. The cultivated layer of farmland provides the nutrients needed by crops through fertilization and management, ensuring crop production. Therefore, soil fertilization mainly occurs in the tillage layer (topsoil), and the organic matter properties (content and composition) represent the main effect of human soil fertilization. China is the rice producer with the largest output worldwide, and studying soil organic matter in China's paddy fields can not only understand the significance of soil carbon sequestration in agricultural practices, but also understand the relationship between organic matter and crop production. The organic matter content and molecular composition of paddy tillage and its relationship with microorganisms can be explored at the molecular level. For this study, we sampled topsoil (0-15 cm) from old paddy fields (denoted OP) that have been cultivated for more than 100 years and new paddy (denoted as NP) cultivated in recent decades to expand production at three different locations of Congjiang Guizhou, Longsheng Guangxi and Lishui Jiangsu in the southern China.

The basic physicochemical properties and organic carbon content (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were analyzed, the molecular composition of soil organic matter was extracted and analyzed by molecular continuous extraction-GC/MS identification method, and the structure of active microbial communities was analyzed by soil microbial phospholipid fatty acids profiling, and extracellular enzyme activities analyzed with microplate fluorescence spectrum, respectively. The main results obtained are as follows:

1. The organic carbon of the cultivated layer of the old paddy field was between 11-19 g/kg, while that of the new paddy field was between 4.8-10.5 g/kg, which was only 40-60% of that of the old paddy field, and the microbial biomass carbon of the old paddy field was significantly higher than that of the new paddy field, and its microbial quotient was in the range of 2.2%-2.8%, while the change of the new paddy field was 1.2%-5.6%;

2. The pH value of the topsoil in the old paddy field was higher than that of the new paddy field, while the available phosphorus was doubled compared with the new paddy field, and the available potassium was 15-70% higher than that of the new paddy field, indicating that long-term rice cropping improved the availability of nutrients, and the available phosphorus was positively correlated with microbial biomass and DOC content, indicating the driving force by soil available P supply for microbial growth and activity in the paddies;

3.The analysis of biomarker method showed that there were great differences in the molecular composition of organic matter between the old and new paddy fields, but there was great variation among different sites. In general, the contribution of plant derived lipids (root or stem residues of suberin and cutin) in organic matter m was higher in the old paddies than in the new paddies, with the latter relatively enriched microbial lipids and less oxidized lignin compounds;

4. The difference between the old and new paddy fields was very prominent in the concentration of microbial PLFAs. The total PLFAs concentration of the old paddy field changed from 14.5 to 25.7 nmol/g, and the new paddy field ranged from 1.35 to 13.6 nmol/g, being very significantly correlated to soil available P level. The old paddies exerted higher values of F/B ratio than the new paddies but the reverse is true for the ratio of Gram positive to Gram negative bacterial. These indicated better establishment of microbial community in old paddies compared to new paddies, which was under stress of poor availability of P and OC resources;

5. SOC scaled extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) were significantly higher in     new paddies than in old paddies, particularly the ACP activity. Moreover, the ratio of BG to XYL (sugar degrading EEA to cellulose degrading EEA) was higher in old paddies while the ratio of XYL to PPO (cellulose degrading EEA to lignin degrading EEA) much higher in new paddies than in old paddies. This could infer that transient OC resources typical for old paddies while labile or potentially decomposable OC typical for new paddies, with lignin relatively remained as the input to SOM in paddies. In other words, microbial community in new paddies are rather mining SOM for their energy and growth, as compared to old paddies.

In this study, through the comparison of paired old and new paddies in single locations, we could postulate that old paddies have developed a high level of SOC preservation of stabled OC pools and microbial abundance and diverse community and activity. As revealed by the continuum analysis of SOM composition, PLFAs

profiling and EEAs characterization, there could be a close link between SOC storage and in paddy soils. With long term hydro Agric management, enrichment of soil available P and OC fractions, drives microbial community evolution and stabilization. In this respect, new paddies shortly shifted from dry croplands or from deforested marginal lands, could be under stress of unavailability of OC and P, living with a k-strategy in adaptation to resource condition. On contrast, old paddies support relatively better-established microbial communities living in a growth strategy. Knowing soil available P supply as a key driver for SOM level and composition and the microbial activity and enzyme activities, soil P availability management would be a demand for soil health besides for rice production. All these could provide novel insights into soil health for rice paddies. Of course, the microflora structure of old and new paddy fields and their relationship with food webs need to be further studied.

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