随着宠物老龄化趋势加剧，肿瘤疾病日益增多，严重威胁宠物健康。目前，手术 切除和化疗仍是宠物肿瘤的主要治疗手段，但这些方法普遍存在创伤大、费用高、恢 复期长等局限。近年来，消融术作为一种微创或无创治疗技术发展迅速，因其创伤小、 恢复快、并发症少等优势，在医学临床受到广泛关注。微波消融术（Microwave Ablation, MWA）是一种通过特制的消融针，将高频电磁波（通常在2.45 GHz或5.80 GHz频率 范围内）传导至肿瘤组织，产生热效应，导致细胞内蛋白质变性和凝固，最终引发组 织脱水坏死、诱导肿瘤细胞死亡的治疗方法。该技术在人医临床已较为成熟和完善， 但在兽医临床应用中仍处于起步阶段。微波消融区域是肿瘤治疗成败的关键，消融区 域过小会导致治疗不彻底，存在复发和转移的风险；消融区域过大又会对机体造成不 必要的损伤。消融区域由消融功率和消融时间组合所决定，因此本研究旨在探索不同 消融功率与持续时间对消融区域大小的影响，为其兽医临床应用供参考。

试验I 犬离体组织消融区域的预测 本试验旨在探究犬不同离体组织（肌肉、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏）中，不同消融功率 与持续时间对MWA区域大小的影响，并评估超声和电子计算机断层扫描（Computed Tomography，CT）与实际测量值的接近程度，以确定更适用于临床的评估方法。将离 体组织分割为4.0×2.0×2.0 cm，采用不同功率-时间组合进行MWA。消融后，分别 使用CT和超声测量消融区域。随后沿消融区域长轴切开组织，使用游标卡尺直接测 量其实际大小。对所得数据进行整理，正态性检验与相关性分析，并建立相应的预测 回归方程。对比分析显示，超声测量值较CT测量值更接近实际测量值。此外，CT测 量结果表明，消融区域的横径与前后径（即两个短轴方向）之间差异不显著，提示微 波能量在组织内的热传导于短轴方向上具有相近的速度特性。这一发现表明，在临床 实践中，通过简便的2D超声检查即可有效估算消融区的3D大小，为临床评估提供 了便利。

试验II 微波消融区域的活体验证及其对机体的影响 本试验旨在探究基于离体组织建立的回归方程在活体组织MWA中的适用性，并 评估MWA治疗对机体的影响，包括血常规、生化指标及炎性因子的变化。同时，通 过对比试验分析隔离液隔离和冰袋冷敷措施对皮肤组织的保护作用。结果显示，活体 MWA的消融区域大小与超声回归模型的预测值无显著差异（P > 0.05），但显著高于 CT回归模型的预测值(P ≤ 0.05)。血常规指标在MWA前后未见明显变化，而肌酸激 酶（CK）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）及天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）在术后第1天 显著升高并超出正常范围，随后在机体自我调节下逐渐恢复。炎性因子的变化趋势表 明，MWA后机体存在局部免疫激活，但整体未引发过度激烈的全身性免疫反应，提 示免疫系统处于相对平衡状态。这一结果可能反映了正常的免疫应答模式，说明治疗 未造成免疫系统的过度负荷或抑制。此外，对比试验显示，采取冰敷联合人造隔离液 保护的前肢皮肤未受损伤，而未采取保护措施的后肢皮肤则出现显著损伤，进一步证 实了保护措施的必要性。

试验III 微波消融对犬肿瘤的治疗 在前期研究的基础上，选择6例肿瘤病例进行MWA治疗试验，包括3例皮下肿 瘤、2例牙龈肿瘤及1例肛周肿瘤。所有病例均在南京农业大学附属动物医院完成， 术前均进行充分评估（临床检查、影像学、实验室检查及病理诊断）并获得主人知情 同意。治疗中，针对不同部位（如肛周、口腔、腹部）和肿瘤特性（大小、血供、邻 近敏感组织），采用了相应的保护措施（如人造积液隔离、冰敷）和消融策略（不同 功率、多点/移动消融）。术后随访显示，大多数病例在经过MWA后，肿瘤体积显著 缩小，临床症状（如破溃出血）得到有效控制，动物精神状态和食欲良好，未见严重 手术相关并发症。

综上，MWA作为一种微创治疗技术，展现出显著的临床应用潜力。其精准、微创 的特性为宠物肿瘤治疗提供了新选择。临床中需结合肿块的性质、大小及位置，灵活 调整消融参数并实施必要的保护措施（如冰敷/隔离液），以确保消融效果最大化并有 效降低并发症风险。本研究为MWA在兽医临床的规范化应用提供了初步依据。

With the intensifying trend of pet aging, tumor diseases are increasingly prevalent, posing a serious threat to pet health. Currently, surgical resection and chemotherapy remain the primary treatment methods for pet tumors, but these approaches are generally limited by significant trauma, high costs, and long recovery periods. In recent years, ablation therapy has rapidly developed as a minimally invasive or non-invasive treatment technique. Due to its advantages of minimal trauma, rapid recovery, and fewer complications, it has garnered widespread attention in clinical medicine. Microwave Ablation (MWA) is one such treatment method that utilizes high-frequency electromagnetic waves (typically within the 2.45 GHz or 5.80 GHz frequency range) acting on tumor tissue. Energy is transmitted through a specialized ablation needle, generating a thermal effect that causes denaturation and coagulation of intracellular proteins, ultimately leading to tissue dehydration, necrosis, and induction of tumor cell death. This technology is relatively mature and well-established in human medical practice, but its application in veterinary clinical settings is still in the initial stages.

The ablation zone is critical to the success or failure of tumor treatment. An ablation zone that is too small results in incomplete treatment, carrying risks of recurrence and metastasis; conversely, an excessively large ablation zone causes unnecessary damage to the organism. The size of the ablation zone is determined by the combination of ablation power and ablation duration. This study aims to explore the influence of different ablation power levels and sustained action times on the size of the ablation zone, providing a reference for its veterinary clinical application.

Experiment I: Prediction of Ablation Zones in Canine Ex Vivo Tissues This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different ablation power levels and action times on MWA zone size in various canine ex vivo tissues (muscle, liver, spleen, lung). It also assessed the closeness of ultrasound (US) and Computed Tomography (CT) measurements to actual measured values to determine the more clinically applicable evaluation method. Ex vivo tissues were sectioned into 4.0×2.0×2.0 cm blocks. MWA was performed using different power-duration combinations. Post-ablation, the ablation zones were measured using CT and US. Subsequently, the tissues were incised along the long axis of the ablation zone, and their actual size was measured directly using vernier calipers. The collected data were organized, subjected to normality testing and correlation analysis, and corresponding predictive regression equations were established. Comparative analysis revealed that US measurements were closer to actual measurements than CT measurements. Furthermore, CT measurements indicated no significant difference between the transverse diameter and anteroposterior diameter (i.e., the two short-axis dimensions) of the ablation zones, suggesting that the speed characteristics of microwave energy thermal conduction within tissues are similar in the short-axis directions. This finding demonstrates that in clinical practice, the 3D size of the ablation zone can be effectively estimated using convenient 2D ultrasound examination, providing convenience for clinical assessment.

Experiment II: In Vivo Validation of Microwave Ablation Zones and Impact on the Organism This experiment aimed to investigate the applicability of the regression equations established based on ex vivo tissues to MWA in living tissues and to evaluate the impact of MWA treatment on the organism, including changes in complete blood count (CBC) parameters, serum biochemical indicators, and inflammatory factors. Concurrently, a comparative trial analyzed the protective effects of isolation fluid and ice pack cooling measures on skin tissue. Results showed that the size of the ablation zone from in vivo MWA showed no significant difference from the values predicted by the US regression model (P > 0.05), but was significantly higher than the values predicted by the CT regression model (P ≤ 0.05). CBC parameters showed no significant changes before and after MWA. However, creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels significantly increased and exceeded the normal range on postoperative day 1, gradually recovering thereafter under the body's self-regulation. The trend of changes in inflammatory factors indicated localized immune activation post-MWA, but overall, it did not trigger an excessively intense systemic immune response, suggesting a relatively balanced state of the immune system. This result may reflect a normal immune response pattern, indicating that the treatment did not cause excessive load or suppression of the immune system. Furthermore, the comparative trial demonstrated that the skin of the forelimbs protected with ice packs combined with artificial isolation fluid remained undamaged, while the unprotected skin of the hind limbs showed significant damage, further confirming the necessity of protective measures.

Experiment III: Treatment of Canine Tumors with Microwave Ablation Building on previous research, six tumor cases were selected for MWA treatment trials, including three cases of subcutaneous tumors, two cases of gingival tumors, and one case of perianal tumor. All cases were completed at the Affiliated Animal Hospital of Nanjing Agricultural University. Preoperative comprehensive assessments (clinical examination, imaging, laboratory tests, and pathological diagnosis) were performed, and informed consent was obtained from the owners. During treatment, corresponding protective measures (such as artificial fluid isolation and ice cooling) and ablation strategies (varying power levels, multi-point/mobile ablation) were implemented based on the tumor location (e.g., perianal, oral, abdominal) and characteristics (size, blood supply, proximity to sensitive tissues). Postoperative follow-up showed that in the majority of cases, tumor volume significantly decreased after MWA, clinical symptoms (such as ulceration and bleeding) were effectively controlled, the animals exhibited good mental status and appetite, and no serious surgery related complications were observed.

Conclusion In summary, MWA demonstrates significant clinical application potential as a minimally invasive treatment technique. Its precise and minimally invasive nature provides a new option for pet tumor therapy. In clinical practice, ablation parameters should be flexibly adjusted and necessary protective measures (such as ice cooling/fluid isolation) implemented based on the tumor's nature, size, and location to ensure maximized ablation efficacy and effectively reduce the risk of complications. This study provides preliminary evidence for the standardized application of MWA in veterinary clinical practice.

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