桃果实风味浓郁、营养丰富，深受消费者喜爱。但桃属呼吸跃变型果实，采后后熟软化快，极易受到病原菌的入侵而发生腐烂变质。其中，由匍枝根霉（Rhizopus stolonifer）引起的软腐病是桃果实采后贮藏的主要病害。化学杀菌剂是目前常用的桃果实采后病害控制手段，但由于病原菌抗药性上升和化学残留等问题使化学杀菌剂的使用逐渐受到限制。因此，探索绿色环保的激发子处理来提高采后果实抗病性已成为防治果实采后病害发生的发展方向。本文以‘霞晖8号’桃果实为试材，研究不同浓度褪黑素（Melatonin, MT）处理对桃果实采后软腐病的影响，以发病情况确定最适MT处理浓度；以此浓度研究MT处理对桃果实采后贮藏期间品质参数、苯丙烷代谢、能量代谢、活性氧代谢以及内部还原势的影响，明确MT对采后桃果实防卫反应的诱导作用和具体模式，以期为生产上桃果实采后病害绿色控制提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：

1.研究了不同浓度MT处理对桃果实采后软腐病的控制效果及其最适浓度对果实品质参数的影响。结果表明，不同浓度MT处理（0.05、0.10、0.50和1.00 mmol/L）均可有效降低果实软腐病的发病率和病斑直径，其中0.50 mmol/L的MT处理浓度防治效果最好。此浓度MT处理不仅能显著延缓果实硬度、维生素C和可溶性固形物含量的下降，还能提高总酚和总黄酮含量，促进酚类物质新绿原酸、芦丁、绿原酸和表儿茶素的合成累积。这些结果说明，MT处理能够有效抑制果实软腐病的发生，维持贮藏品质，从而保持果实贮藏期间的商品性。

2.研究了0.50 mmol/L MT处理对桃果实采后贮藏期间品质参数、苯丙烷代谢和抗病相关酶活性及其基因表达水平以及R. stolonifer离体生长的影响。结果表明，MT处理可显著减轻桃果实采后软腐病的发生，维持果实品质；且与单一MT处理和R. stolonifer接种相比，经0.50 mmol/L MT处理后桃果实在遭受病原菌侵染时可表现出更为强烈的抗病反应，其几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸羟化酶、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性、总酚和木质素含量以及PpCHI、PpGLU、PpPAL和PpPOD等防卫基因表达水平显著高于单一接种或MT处理果实。此外，MT对R. stolonifer离体生长无明显抑制作用。以上结果表明，MT可通过间接诱导桃果实采后敏化反应，使果实在病原菌侵染后启动防卫反应，从而减少采后病害的发生。

3.研究了0.50 mmol/L MT处理对桃果实采后贮藏期间能量代谢和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明，MT处理能够提高果实能量代谢相关酶H⁺-三磷酸腺苷酶、Ca²⁺-三磷酸腺苷酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素C氧化酶的基因表达及酶活性，促进三磷酸腺苷和二磷酸腺苷含量的上升，抑制磷酸腺苷的积累，维持较高的能荷水平，从而保证了果实的能量供应；同时，MT处理能够提高果实超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的基因表达及酶活性，减少过氧化氢的积累，降低超氧阴离子自由基产生速率，提高1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率和羟基自由基清除率，从而维持果实内活性氧动态平衡。这些结果表明，MT可通过调控能量代谢和活性氧代谢，保持较高的能量状态和抗氧化活性，从而提高果实抵抗R. stolonifer侵染的能力。

4.研究了0.50 mmol/L MT处理对桃果实采后贮藏期间内部还原势的影响。结果表明，MT处理能够诱导提高磷酸戊糖途径（Pentose phosphate pathway, PPP）关键酶葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶以及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（Ascorbate-glutathione, AsA-GSH）循环关键酶单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶的基因表达及酶活性，增加还原性物质还原型辅酶II、还原型谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸的积累，降低氧化性产物辅酶II、氧化型谷胱甘肽和脱氢抗坏血酸含量，从而提高果实还原势。这些结果表明，MT可通过激活PPP途径和AsA-GSH循环，提升果实内部还原势，从而增强果实抗病性。

Peaches are popular with consumers because of their rich flavor and high nutrition. However, peach is a type of climacteric fruit, and its softening process is quite fast after harvest making it susceptible to infection by pathogenic bacteria and postharvest rotting. Wherein, the Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer is the main disease of peach fruit storage after harvest. Chemical fungicides are commonly used to inhibit peach fruit postharvest diseases, but the application of chemical fungicides has been gradually limited due to problems such as rising pathogen resistance and chemical residues. Therefore, exploring green and environmentally friendly stimulants to improve postharvest fruit disease resistance has become a developmental direction for controlling the occurrence of postharvest fruit diseases. In our current study, we used ‘Xiahui No. 8’ peach fruits as material to investigate the effect of different concentrations of MT on Rhizopus rot in postharvest peach fruit. Disease development was measured to determine the most effective MT concentration. Then the effect of optimal MT treatment on the quality parameters, phenylpropanoid pathway, energy and reactive oxygen metabolism, and internal redox status were investigated in postharvest peach fruit. Moreover, the inducing effect of MT on the defense response was demonstrated, which could be provided as the theoretical basis for the green postharvest decay control of peach fruits. The main results of the study are as follows:

1. The effects of different concentrations of MT treatments on the control of Rhizopus rot and the optimal concentration on quality parameters were investigated in postharvest peach fruit. The results showed that 0.05-1.00 mmol/L MT treatment could all effectively reduce the disease incidence and lesion diameter of Rhizopus rot, with 0.50 mmol/L MT treatment concentration presenting the best inhibitory effect. 0.50 mmol/L MT could not only significantly delay the decline of firmness, Vc and TSS contents, but also increase total phenols and total flavonoids contents, and promote the accumulation of phenolic monomers such as neochlorogenic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin. These results indicated that MT treatment could effectively inhibit the occurrence of Rhizopus rot and maintain storage quality, thus maintaining the commercialization of postharvest peach fruit.

2. The effects of 0.50 mmol/L MT treatment on quality parameters, phenylpropane metabolism, resistance-related enzyme activities and gene expressions, and in vitro growth of R. stolonifer were investigated in postharvest peach fruit. The results showed that MT treatment could notably reduce the occurrence of Rhizopus rot and maintain fruit quality in postharvest peach fruit. Furthermore, compared with those of the single MT treatment and R. stolonifer inoculation, R. stolonifer inoculation after 0.50 mmol/L MT treatment manifested a stronger disease resistance response; could substantially induce and improve the activities of CHI, GLU, PAL, C4H, 4CL, POD and PPO; could increase the total phenols and lignin contents; and could markedly increase the expression levels of PpCHI, PpGLU, PpPAL and PpPOD. Moreover, MT treatment showed no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of R. stolonifer in vitro. Taken together, these results indicated that MT could initiate defense responses upon pathogenic infection indirectly by priming defense, thereby reducing the occurrence of postharvest peach diseases.

3. The effects of 0.50 mmol/L MT treatment on energy and reactive oxygen species metabolisms were investigated in postharvest peach fruit. The results showed that MT treatment could increase the gene expressions and activities of H⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, SDH and CCO, promote the contents of ATP and ADP, and inhibit the accumulation of AMP, thus maintaining a higher level of energy charge and ensuring enough energy supply for the fruit. At the same time, MT treatment increased gene expressions and enzyme activities of SOD and CAT, reduced the accumulation of H₂O₂, decreased the rate of O₂^•−, thus enhancing the DPPH radical scavenging rate and •OH scavenging rate, which was beneficial to maintain the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in postharvest peach fruit. These results suggested that MT enhanced peach resistance to R. stolonifer infestation by regulating energy and reactive oxygen species metabolisms to maintain higher energy status and antioxidant activity.

4. The effects of 0.50 mmol/L MT treatment on the internal redox status were investigated in postharvest peach fruit. The results showed that MT treatment could increase gene expressions and activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH as well as MDHAR, DHAR, GR and APX, known as key enzymes in the PPP and AsA-GSH cycle. Furthermore, postharvest MT application promoted the accumulation of reducing substances NADPH, AsA and GSH, and decreased the contents of the oxidative products NADP⁺, GSSG and DHA, thus enhancing the reducing potential of peach fruit. These results suggested that MT could enhance fruit disease resistance by activating the PPP and the AsA-GSH cycle and elevating the internal fruit-reducing potential.

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