低收入群体作为农村地区最为庞大的群体，其公平合理地分享经济增长关系到乡村振兴和农业农村现代化的实现。为此，《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》明确指出未来五年应该把脱贫攻坚成果的巩固拓展作为“十四五”时期经济社会发展主要目标，建立农村和欠发达地区低收入人口帮扶机制，着力提高低收入群体收入。这意味着“十四五”期间，防止脱贫农户返贫和促使低收入群体收入增长将会成为我国农村工作问题的重点。已有研究发现，建立低收入群体长效增收机制是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果最直接、最有效的途径。

基础设施作为公共投资的重要组成部分和政府再分配的重要抓手，理应成为加速低收入群体收入增长，破解新时期社会主要矛盾的重要政策选择。然而，在政治锦标赛体制下，政府官员出于政绩考虑，往往热衷于投资一些看得见的“硬”基础设施，如农村公路设施、电网改造、防洪防涝等公共基础设施。而对于农村医疗和教育等“软”基础设施投资不足。其实，生产性基础设施和发展型基础设施对于低收入群体的生产生活可能更为重要。在农村公共投资结构的大背景下，探究不同类型基础设施对于低收入群体福利的影响（即基础设施能否实现益贫式增长）具有重要的理论和实践意义。这关系我国农业农村现代化以及乡村振兴战略的实现。

本研究试图探究基础设施对于农村低收入群体的影响研究。主要思路如下：首先，全面评估基础设施对于农村低收入家庭的收入效应；其次，从非农就业和农业生产结构调整角度分析基础设施对于农村低收入群体产生影响的原因；最后，剖析基础设施对于非农就业、农业生产结构调整决策行为的影响和机制时，深入揭示了人力资本禀赋和人力资本积累等约束条件在其中的重要作用。主要研究内容和相关结论如下：

研究内容一：基础设施发展对低收入农户福利效应的影响

本研究重点分析基础设施（公路设施、灌溉设施、医疗设施和教育设施）发展后，农村居民绝对收入、相对贫困状态在不同群体间的分配效应。本研究利用大样本的、较长时间跨度内的农户微观数据，重点剖析低收入群体在面对不同类型基础设施发展时福利变动的差异。这样的分析有助于从整体上把握基础设施发展对于农村收入分配的影响。本研究基于1991-2015年“中国健康与营养调查”（CHNS）数据，实证分析基础设施发展对于低收入群体绝对收入、陷于相对贫困概率的直接影响。研究结论表明，与其他收入组相比，公路设施无法促使农村低收入群体获益更多，而灌溉设施、医疗设施和教育设施让农村低收入群体获益更多。换言之，公路设施的发展并不能实现益贫式增长，而灌溉设施、医疗设施和教育设施的发展能够实现农村居民福利的益贫式增长。从估计系数对比来看，教育设施对于低收入群体的收入流动效应的边际影响更大，更有利于缩小低收入群体与其他收入群体之间的收入差距。这说明提高低收入群体的教育水平更有利于实现农村社会的包容性增长。

研究内容二：基础设施发展对非农就业、农业生产结构影响分析

本部分以农户相对贫困状态为研究对象，重点分析基础设施对于不同群体分配效应差异产生的原因。非农收入和农业收入是影响农户收入的重要因素。基于此，本部分着重分析基础设施发展对低收入群体非农就业和农业生产结构的影响，以期判定两者是否是基础设施发展影响农村不同群体相对贫困状态的关键因素。研究结论表明，公路设施对于农村居民非农就业以及农业生产结构的影响并不存在群体之间的差异性。即公路设施并不能促使农村居民非农就业和高附加值农业占比的包容性增长。灌溉设施、医疗设施和教育设施的发展对农村居民非农就业以及高附加值农业收入占比的提升作用在低收入群体中表现的更加突出。即灌溉设施、医疗设施和教育设施的发展更有利于农村低收入家庭，从而实现益贫性增长。

研究内容三：基于人力资本视角讨论基础设施对低收入群体农户生产结构的影响

本部分在基础设施对于不同群体农户生产结构的基础上，深入揭示了人力资本禀赋和人力资本积累等约束条件在其中的重要作用。本部分利用1991-2015年CHNS数据尝试从人力资本角度解释基础设施发展对低收入群体产生的影响。分析结果表明，由于低收入群体教育人力资本和健康人力资本水平较低，致使其只能从事自家父辈传承下来的农产品生产，缺乏新的耕种技术，无法经营能够带来较高收益高附加值农业，或者缺少相应的外出非农就业的基本技能。因此，公路设施发展后，低收入群体缺乏足够的能力进行非农就业或者农业生产结构调整。除了人力资本禀赋外，基础设施还通过人力资本积累进而影响低收入群体的收益。具体来说，相比其他收入群体，公路设施无法提升低收入群体的人力资本积累，从而致使其劳动力要素呈现出代际固化的特征，加剧了非农就业和农业生产结构调整的分配失衡，产生明显的“天花板效应”。而灌溉设施、医疗设施和教育设施缓解了机会不均等和群分现象对低收入家庭人力资本积累的负面影响，这有利于他们在劳动力市场或者农业结构调整中获益。

基于上述研究内容，本研究可以得到以下研究启示：

促进低收入群体增收，防止收入阶层固化对于缓解收入差距的扩大有着显著的作用。加大农村地区公共投资力度，补实“三农”短板，为实现农业农村现代化提供先决条件。优化农村公共投资结构，重点投资农村地区的灌溉、医疗和教育等领域，以便更好的适应农村经济发展。加强教育和培训，增强低收入群体劳动力的转移能力和生产经营技能。最后，不断完善农村低收入群体的帮扶政策。

As the largest group in rural areas, low-income groups share economic growth fairly and reasonably, which is related to Rural Revitalization and the realization of agricultural and rural modernization. To this end, the proposal of the CPC Central Committee on formulating the 14th five year plan for national economic and social development and the long-term objectives for 2005 clearly points out that in the next five years, the consolidation and expansion of the achievements in poverty eradication should be regarded as the main goal of economic and social development during the 14th Five Year Plan period, and a mechanism for helping the low-income population in rural and underdeveloped areas should be established, We will strive to raise the income of low-income groups. This means that during the "14th five year plan" period, preventing farmers out of poverty from returning to poverty and promoting the income growth of low-income groups will become the focus of China's rural work. It has been found that the establishment of a long-term income increasing mechanism for low-income groups is the most direct and effective way to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation.

As an important part of public investment and an important starting point for government redistribution, infrastructure should become an important policy choice to accelerate the income growth of low-income groups and solve the main social contradictions in the new era. However, under the political Championship system, government officials are often keen to invest in some visible "hard" infrastructure, such as rural highway facilities, power grid transformation, flood control and waterlogging prevention and other public infrastructure. The investment in "soft" infrastructure such as rural health care and education is insufficient. In fact, productive infrastructure and development infrastructure may be more important for the production and life of low-income groups. Under the background of rural public investment structure, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the impact of different types of infrastructure on the welfare of low-income groups (i.e. whether infrastructure can achieve Pro poor growth). This is related to the realization of China's agricultural and rural modernization and Rural Revitalization Strategy.This study attempts to explore whether infrastructure has achieved rural Pro poor growth. The main ideas are as follows: firstly, comprehensively evaluate the impact of infrastructure on the absolute income, relative poverty and income mobility of rural low-income families; Secondly, it analyzes the impact of infrastructure on the income mobility of rural low-income groups from the perspective of non-agricultural employment and agricultural production structure adjustment; Finally, when analyzing the impact and mechanism of infrastructure on non-agricultural employment and agricultural production structure adjustment decision-making behavior, it deeply reveals the important role of constraints such as human capital endowment and human capital accumulation. The main research contents and relevant conclusions are as follows:

Content 1: The impact of infrastructure development on the welfare of low-income class

This study focuses on the distribution effects of rural residents' absolute income, relative poverty among different groups after the development of infrastructure (highway facilities, irrigation facilities, medical facilities and education facilities). This study focuses on the differences of welfare changes of low-income groups in the face of different types of infrastructure development. Such analysis is helpful to grasp the impact of infrastructure development on rural income distribution as a whole. Based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015, this study empirically analyzes the direct impact of infrastructure development on the absolute income, the incidence of relative poverty and income mobility of low-income groups. The research conclusion shows that compared with other income groups, highway facilities can not promote rural low-income groups to benefit more, while irrigation facilities, medical facilities and educational facilities benefit rural low-income groups more. In other words, the development of highway facilities can not achieve Pro poor growth, while the development of irrigation facilities, medical facilities and educational facilities can achieve Pro poor growth of rural residents' welfare. From the comparison of estimated coefficients, educational facilities have a greater marginal impact on the income flow effect of low-income groups, which is more conducive to narrowing the income gap between low-income groups and other income groups. This shows that improving the education level of low-income groups is more conducive to the inclusive growth of rural society.

Content 2: Analysis of the mechanism of the influence of infrastructure development on the income mobility of farmers

This part takes farmers' relative poverty as an example to analyze the reasons for the different distribution effects of infrastructure on different groups. The income or income mobility of low-income groups is affected by the previous period's persistent income and the current period's temporary income, while non-agricultural income and agricultural income are important factors affecting persistent income. Based on this, this part focuses on the impact of infrastructure development on non-agricultural employment and agricultural production structure of low-income groups, in order to determine whether they are the key factors for infrastructure development to affect the income mobility of different rural groups. The results show that there is no difference between groups in the impact of highway facilities on rural residents' non-agricultural employment and agricultural production structure. That is, road facilities can not promote the inclusive growth of rural residents' non-agricultural employment and the proportion of high value-added agriculture. The development of irrigation facilities, medical facilities and educational facilities plays a more prominent role in promoting the non-agricultural employment of rural residents and the proportion of high value-added agricultural income among low-income groups. That is, the development of irrigation facilities, medical facilities and educational facilities is more conducive to rural low-income families, so as to achieve Pro poor growth.

Content 3: Discuss the impact of infrastructure development on the welfare of low-income class from the perspective of human capital

Based on the impact of infrastructure on the production structure of different groups of farmers, this part deeply reveals the important role of constraints such as human capital endowment and human capital accumulation. Using the CHNS data from 1991 to 2015, this part attempts to explain the impact of infrastructure development on low-income groups from the perspective of human capital. The results show that due to the low level of educational human capital and health human capital of low-income groups, they can only engage in the production of agricultural products inherited from their parents, lack of new farming technology, can not operate agriculture with high income and high added value, or lack the corresponding basic skills for non-agricultural employment. Therefore, after the development of highway facilities, low-income groups lack sufficient ability to carry out non-agricultural employment or agricultural production structure adjustment. In addition to human capital endowment, infrastructure also affects the income of low-income groups through human capital accumulation. Specifically, compared with other income groups, highway facilities can not improve the human capital accumulation of low-income groups, resulting in the intergenerational solidification of their labor factors, aggravating the distribution imbalance of non-agricultural employment and agricultural production structure adjustment, resulting in an obvious "sky flower board effect". Irrigation facilities, medical facilities and educational facilities alleviate the negative impact of unequal opportunities and clustering on the accumulation of human capital of low-income families, which is conducive to them to benefit from the labor market or agricultural structure adjustment.

Based on the above research content, the following research implications can be obtained in this study:

Promoting the income increase of low-income groups and preventing the solidification of income class play a significant role in alleviating the expansion of income gap. We will increase public investment in rural areas and make up for the shortcomings of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", so as to provide preconditions for the realization of agricultural and rural modernization. Optimize the structure of rural public investment, focusing on investment in irrigation, medical treatment and education in rural areas, so as to better adapt to rural economic development. We will strengthen education and training and enhance the transfer capacity and production and management skills of low-income groups. Finally, continuously improve the assistance policies for rural low-income groups.

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