近年来，如何利用微生物资源提升作物产量、减少化肥依赖，成为农业可持续发展的关键课题。根际微生物群落在作物生长和土壤功能中具有重要作用，其中包括细菌、真菌和原生动物等，它们通过参与物质循环和能量流动影响植物健康。传统研究多关注植物对根际细菌的筛选，但土壤原生动物作为微生物捕食者，也能显著调节群落结构，进而影响根际生态过程。本研究以番茄作物的根际细菌群落为研究对象，结合室内盆栽实验与扩增子分析，系统探讨了植物根际单一筛选、根际与不同原生动物联合筛选、根际与不同原生动物联合迭代筛选过程中细菌群落的动态变化，探明细菌群落演替如何反馈影响植物生长。主要结果如下：

在番茄根际连续接种三季细菌群落，植株的表型呈现出先促进后抑制的动态变化。随着筛选代数增加，根际细菌群落的多样性逐代升高，群落结构逐步分化，物种组成显著变化。第一代中植物根际促生菌（如Pseudomonas、Azospirillum等）富集，显著促进植株健康生长；而随着筛选代数增加，根际促生菌的相对丰度下降，Paulitubacter等菌群占据优势，其促生潜力减弱，植物生长受限。功能层面上，根际筛选增强了微生物群落的碳代谢潜力，但削弱了部分氮代谢通路。因此，根际连续筛选通过重塑微生物群落结构以及影响碳氮循环功能协同驱动了植物促生效应由增强向减弱的转变。

在番茄根际分别引入细菌群落与不同原生动物（肾形虫Colpoda inflata与鞭毛虫 Flectomonas ekelundi）均可促进植物生长，其中C. inflata处理组的促生效果更为显著。两种原生动物的加入均未显著改变根际细菌群落的整体多样性、群落结构以及群落组成。以地上部生物量为变量进行随机森林预测分析，Flavisolibacter、Microvirga 和 Arenimonas 是贡献度最大的关键菌属，其中Arenimonas 的丰度与地上部生物量呈正相关，该属在C. inflata处理中在根际显著富集。此外，两种原生动物均能提高根际氮循环相关功能基因的丰度：其中C. inflata显著增强了硝酸盐还原和固氮相关基因，而F. ekelundi 主要促进固氮基因的表达。因此，原生动物通过调节关键功能菌属的丰度并增强氮循环功能，协同促进植物生长。

根际与原生动物的联合迭代筛选过程中，番茄地上部生物量随筛选代数增加逐步下降，但原生动物的引入可缓解筛选带来的生长抑制效应。不同原生动物处理和筛选代数均显著影响植株表型，但二者之间的交互作用不显著。联合迭代筛选三季，根际细菌群落的多样性显著提升，群落结构与物种组成变化，并扩大了不同原生动物处理间的群落差异。连续筛选亦导致土壤潜在病原菌数量增加，而C. inflata能持续有效抑制。随机森林预测分析表明，关键微生物Brevundimonas、Exguobacterium、Massilia、Stenotrophomonas的丰度与地上部鲜重呈正相关；Arthrobacter和Nocardioides的丰度与地上部鲜重呈负相关。C. inflata处理组普遍富集与地上部鲜重呈正相关的菌属，而F. ekelundi处理组仅在初期显著富集。功能层面上，碳代谢功能基因在不同处理间差异不显著；而氮循环相关基因则在迭代过程中呈现“富集—减少—再富集”的动态变化，C. inflata 处理组的波动幅度更大。综合来看，原生动物处理与根际迭代筛选均可影响根际微生物群落组成与功能，原生动物主要通过富集有益微生物、调节功能基因表达，缓解植物生长抑制并促进植株健康生长。

综上所述，本研究首次系统揭示了作物根际与土壤原生动物联合迭代筛选对细菌群落结构与功能的动态重塑，明确了原生动物在调控根际细菌群落组成、功能基因表达及促进植物生长中的协同作用，发现其可有效缓解连续筛选带来的微生物失衡与植物生长抑制。未来研究可融合宏基因组、转录组、代谢组等多组学技术，拓展原生动物多样性研究，构建“原生动物-微生物-植物”互作网络，深入解析影响机制，并探索在微生物有机肥中添加原生动物的新型策略，为持续提升植物健康与土壤功能提供理论支撑与应用潜力。

In recent years, how to utilize microbial resources to increase crop yields and reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers has become a key issue for sustainable agricultural development. The rhizosphere microbial community plays a significant role in plant growth and soil functions, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, which affect plant health by participating in material cycling and energy flow. Traditional research has mainly focused on the selection of rhizosphere bacteria by plants, but soil protozoa, as microbial predators, can also significantly regulate community structure and thereby influence rhizosphere ecological processes. This study took the rhizosphere bacterial community of tomato crops as the research object, combined pot experiments in the laboratory with amplicon analysis, and systematically explored the dynamic changes of the bacterial community during the processes of single rhizosphere screening, rhizosphere and different protozoa combined screening, and rhizosphere and different protozoa combined iterative screening, to clarify how the bacterial community succession feedback affects plant growth. The main results are as follows:

1. After continuous inoculation of the rhizosphere bacterial community in tomato for three seasons, the plant phenotype showed a dynamic change from promotion to inhibition. With the increase of screening generations, the diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community gradually increased, the community structure gradually differentiated, and the species composition significantly changed. In the first generation, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (such as Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, etc.) were enriched, significantly promoting the healthy growth of plants; however, with the increase of screening generations, the relative abundance of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria decreased, and Paulitubacter and other bacterial groups became dominant, with weakened growth-promoting potential and restricted plant growth. Functionally, rhizosphere screening enhanced the carbon metabolism potential of the microbial community but weakened some nitrogen metabolism pathways. Therefore, continuous rhizosphere screening drove the transformation of the plant growth-promoting effect from enhancement to weakening by reshaping the microbial community structure and influencing the carbon and nitrogen cycling functions.

2. Introducing the rhizosphere bacterial community and different protozoa (Colpoda inflata and Flectomonas ekelundi) into the tomato rhizosphere could promote plant growth, with the C. inflata treatment group showing a more significant growth-promoting effect. The addition of the two protozoa did not significantly change the overall diversity, community structure, and composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community. Using aboveground biomass as a variable for random forest prediction analysis, Flavisolibacter, Microvirga, and Arenimonas were the key genera with the greatest contribution. Among them, the abundance of Arenimonas was positively correlated with aboveground biomass, and this genus was significantly enriched in the rhizosphere under the C. inflata treatment. In addition, both protozoa could increase the abundance of nitrogen cycling-related functional genes in the rhizosphere: C. inflata significantly enhanced nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation-related genes, while F. ekelundi mainly promoted the expression of nitrogen fixation genes. Therefore, protozoa promoted plant growth by regulating the abundance of key functional genera and enhancing nitrogen cycling functions.

3. During the process of combined iterative screening of the rhizosphere and protozoa, the aboveground biomass of tomato gradually decreased with the increase of screening generations, but the introduction of protozoa could alleviate the growth inhibition effect caused by screening. Different protozoa treatments and screening generations significantly affected plant phenotypes, but the interaction between them was not significant. After three seasons of combined iterative screening, the diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community significantly increased, the community structure and species composition changed, and the differences between different protozoa treatments expanded. Continuous screening also led to an increase in the number of potential soil pathogenic bacteria, but C. inflata could continuously and effectively inhibit them. Random forest prediction analysis indicated that the abundance of key microorganisms such as Brevundimonas, Exiguobacterium, Massilia, and Stenotrophomonas was positively correlated with the fresh weight of the aboveground parts; while the abundance of Arthrobacter and Nocardioides was negatively correlated with the fresh weight of the aboveground parts. The C. inflata treatment group generally enriched the bacterial genera positively correlated with the fresh weight of the aboveground parts, while the F. ekelundi treatment group only significantly enriched them in the initial stage. Functionally, there was no significant difference in carbon metabolism functional genes among different treatments; however, nitrogen cycle-related genes showed a dynamic change of "enrichment - reduction - re-enrichment" during the iterative process, with a greater fluctuation in the C. inflata treatment group. Overall, the treatment with protozoa and the iterative screening of the rhizosphere can both affect the composition and function of the rhizosphere microbial community. Protozoa mainly promote the healthy growth of plants by enriching beneficial microorganisms and regulating the expression of functional genes, thereby alleviating the inhibition of plant growth.

In conclusion, this study systematically revealed for the first time the dynamic reshaping of bacterial community structure and function by the joint iterative screening of crop rhizosphere and soil protozoa, clarified the synergistic role of protozoa in regulating the composition of rhizosphere bacterial communities, the expression of functional genes, and promoting plant growth, and found that it can effectively alleviate the microbial imbalance and plant growth inhibition caused by continuous screening. Future research can integrate multi-omics technologies such as metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to expand the study of protozoa diversity, construct the "protozoa-microbe-plant" interaction network, deeply analyze the influencing mechanisms, and explore new strategies for adding protozoa to microbial organic fertilizers, providing theoretical support and application potential for continuously improving plant health and soil function.

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